quarta-feira, 26 de junho de 2013

Regards croisés sur l’histoire du néo-libéralism


par Jean Magnan de Bornier , le 19 juin

Moteur d’une mondialisation jugée tantôt vertueuse, tantôt responsable de la montée des inégalités entre nations, voire de la crise et des politiques de rigueur, le néolibéralisme est pourtant mal connu. Deux ouvrages récents permettent de mieux cerner son histoire dans les soixante dernières années.


Recensés :
- Daniel Stedman Jones, Masters of the Universe. Hayek, Friedman, and the birth of neoliberal politics. Princeton University Press, 2012, 424 p.
- Angus Burgin, The Great Persuasion. Reinventing Free Markets since the Depression. Harvard University Press, 2012, 320 p.
L’année 2012 a vu la publication aux États-Unis de deux livres aux ambitions proches, puisqu’il s’agit dans les deux cas de retracer l’histoire du néo-libéralisme à partir de 1938, autour des figures incontournables de Friedrich Hayek et Milton Friedman.
Le titre comme le sous-titre de l’ouvrage de Daniel Stedman Jones (Masters of the Universe. Hayek, Friedman, and the birth of neoliberal politics) suggèrent que l’accent sera porté vers les applications en politique, alors que le sous-titre choisi par Angus Burgin (Reinventing Free Markets since the Depression) indique qu’il se concentre sur les idées elles-mêmes. Ces impressions initiales sont largement confirmées à la lecture des deux textes qui ont en effet adopté des points de vue différents, quoique en aucune manière opposés. Tandis que Daniel Stedman Jones s’applique à retracer les chemins complexes que les idées néo-libérales ont empruntés pour trouver à s’exprimer dans des programmes et des actions politiques, Burgin en reste quant à lui essentiellement à la conception initiale des idées économiques. Les deux livres ne sont donc pas des concurrents directs puisque leurs finalités ne se recoupent pas totalement. Ils comportent néanmoins une très large part de préoccupations communes, et présentent tous deux des analyses de certains événements ou courants essentiels comme la Société du Mont-Pèlerin, créée par Friedrich Hayek et l’école de Chicago, symbolisée par Milton Friedman.
Le livre de Stedman Jones ne considère les événements des années 1930 que comme une ébauche de ce qui commencera vraiment dans l’immédiat après-guerre. Il prive ainsi le lecteur d’une analyse détaillée des bases que le colloque Lippmann — organisé à Paris en 1938 — a posées, tant en termes d’idées qu’en termes de personnes, pour le décollage proprement dit du mouvement néo-libéral après la guerre [1]. Burgin de son côté entame sa narration avec la Grande dépression, et montre de manière éclairante comment quelques groupes d’économistes orthodoxes (Robbins et Hayek à la London School of Economics, Knight et Viner puis Simons à Chicago, Mises à Genève) ont réagi à la crise et aux nouvelles politiques qu’elle a suscitées, sous l’influence entre autres de Keynes, et comment le besoin s’est imposé pour eux de participer à un renouveau des idées libérales.
C’est pourtant bien lors du colloque Lippmann que le terme de néo-libéralisme fut créé et adopté, sans pour autant que tous ses participants s’accordent profondément sur ce qu’il recouvrait : s’agit-il d’amender plus ou moins sévèrement le concept « classique » (manchesterien [2]) du libéralisme comme laisser-faire en réintroduisant le rôle de l’État comme responsable de la fixation des règles du jeu économique, ou devrait-on sortir le libéralisme de ses seuls déterminants économiques et en faire une philosophie de la vie en société avec tous les éléments politiques et moraux que cela implique ? La question n’a été tranchée ni en 1938 ni depuis, mais a structuré l’histoire du néolibéralisme

De Friedrich Hayek à Milton Friedman

Une fois la Seconde Guerre mondiale terminée, la reprise du combat idéologique que marque de plus en plus la division du monde décidée à Yalta va reconfigurer les débats.
Dans ce contexte, la publication en 1944 de l’ouvrage de Hayek, La route de la servitude(la traduction française apparaît en 1945), s’impose comme un tournant crucial. Stedman Jones et Burgin en font chacun une analyse précise.
Stedman Jones choisit dans son deuxième chapitre, consacré à l’immédiat après-guerre, de passer en revue trois livres puis de décrire la mise en place de la Société du Mont Pèlerin (MPS). Ces trois livres, écrits par trois autrichiens, sont La société ouverte et ses ennemis(The Open Society and its Enemies) de Karl Popper publié en 1945, La bureaucratie(Bureaucracy) de Ludwig von Mises, publié en 1944 et bien sûr La route de la servitude(The Road to Serfdom). Cette liste paraît quelque peu artificielle, l’influence de ces livres ayant été, tant immédiatement que dans la durée, très inégale. Mises en particulier n’a peut-être pas sa place ici, d’autant qu’à cette époque il travaillait à son magnum opus, Human Actionqui devait paraître en 1949. L’information de l’auteur concernant Mises semble d’ailleurs lacunaire. En effet ce dernier, né dans une famille juive de Lwow (dont le grand-père avait été anobli comme nombre de juifs de Galicie), est présenté comme étant « né dans une vieille famille aristocratique autrichienne » (p. 49). Le livre de Popper, pour intéressant qu’il soit, n’a pas fortement marqué l’époque comme a pu le faire The Road to Serfdom.
Si Stedman Jones ne néglige, dans ce chapitre, ni la publication de The Road to Serfdom ni la création de la Société du Mont Pèlerin, Burgin se montre beaucoup plus précis sur ces deux épisodes fondateurs. Du livre de 1944, il décrit en particulier la réception triomphale aux États-Unis, marquée par une tournée de promotion qu’avait précédée une publication d’extraits par le Reader’s Digest, formule qui semble avoir laissé un goût amer à Hayek. Concernant la Société du Mont Pèlerin, ce groupe d’intellectuels qui se réunirent pour la première fois en 1947 au Mont Pèlerin à l’initiative de Friedrich Hayek, en vue de promouvoir les idées du libéralisme, on apprendra qu’elle est la seule initiative réussie parmi quelques autres, dont la tentative de lancement d’une revue par Wilhelm Röpke qui échoua faute de financement. D’ailleurs, ainsi qu’on finit par s’en rendre compte, la Société du Mont Pèlerin est le véritable objet du livre de Burgin.
Dans la suite de son livre, Burgin décrit en effet les difficultés que la maturité a apportées à la Société, liées à ses objectifs et à son organisation interne comme aux sempiternels problèmes de financement. Pour les objectifs de la Société, la question était de savoir si le plus important (mettre en contact des défenseurs des idées libérales) n’avait pas été atteint dès la fin des années 1950, sinon plus tôt ; en ce cas, son existence se justifiait-elle encore ?
Burgin montre aussi comment Hayek a cherché à défendre la Société du Mont Pèlerin contre certaines formes de pensée conservatrice, nouvelles ou récurrentes. Cette question devint clairement un risque majeur de dislocation entre 1958 et 1961 avec l’« affaire Hunold » bien et longuement décrite dans ce chapitre. Hunold était le secrétaire de la Société et un élément indispensable de son fonctionnement, mais son rôle était purement administratif jusqu’au moment où il voulut se mêler de l’évolution idéologique de la Société et écrivit un article clamant que cette dernière avait « perdu son âme ». Hayek en fut ulcéré et le conflit s’installa. L’affaire fut si grave qu’on fit appel en 1960 à l’arbitrage de Ludwig Erhard, alors ministre de l’économie et vice-chancelier de la République Fédérale d’Allemagne sous Adenauer, sans que cela résolve la crise qui se termina par la démission de Hunold.
Le début des années 1960 est aussi une période de transition marquée par le rôle croissant de Milton Friedman comme personnage central de la défense et illustration des idées néo-libérales. Il est intéressant de noter que si Stedman Jones voit Friedman essentiellement comme l’inventeur du monétarisme — théorie économique de la création de monnaie et de la politique monétaire —, Burgin considère de son côté que ses textes les plus significatifs sont son article de 1953 sur la méthodologie de l’économie et Capitalism and Freedom (1962), ouvrage dans lequel il présente ses convictions en matière de libéralisme économique et politique. Tous deux sont pourtant d’accord pour le considérer comme le successeur de Hayek en tant qu’animateur du mouvement libéral.
Cette divergence quant au rôle de Friedman est assez logique si l’on garde en mémoire que le livre de Stedman Jones porte sur la transmission vers les applications en politique des idées néo-libérales, la politique monétaire étant un domaine privilégié de cette transmission, lors des grandes mutations monétaires des années 1960 et 70 : la « grande inflation », la stagflation, l’abandon des parités fixes. Il semble pourtant que, dans cette direction, Stedman Jones va trop loin quand il identifie néo-libéralisme et monétarisme dans la lutte contre le keynésianisme et consacre à cette opposition un chapitre entier (Keynesiansim and the Emergence of Monetarism. 1945-1971, p. 180-214). Cela nous paraît excessivement réducteur (il n’y a rien par exemple sur le courant des anticipations rationnelles, qui a profondément qualifié ces débats). Il faut dire que les apports les plus intéressants de Stedman Jones ne sont pas à chercher dans son expertise de l’économie mais bien dans la manière dont cette discipline se diffuse dans la pensée des partis et des dirigeants politiques. Sa connaissance de l’évolution du Parti Conservateur britannique (avant et pendant l’ère Thatcher) est à cet égard précieuse et éclairante.
Il est assez frappant et aussi quelque peu frustrant que Stedman Jones consacre certains développements au grand mouvement de dérégulation associé aux noms de Reagan et Thatcher, mais en évitant de parler des industries où ce mouvement a été si actif, celui des grands services publics comme le rail, l’électricité et le téléphone. Le nom de Steven Littlechild qui inventa les « price-caps » (réglementation par plafonnement des prix) et fut le premier à les mettre en œuvre dans le secteur britannique privatisé des télécommunications, n’apparaît même pas dans son livre. Stedman Jones consacre certes un chapitre à un secteur particulier de l’économie des deux côtés de l’Atlantique et à l’évolution de la réglementation qui y est pratiquée, le secteur du logement. Je ne nie pas qu’il s’agit d’un secteur crucial à beaucoup d’égards, mais il me semble loin d’être le cas le plus significatif en ce qui concerne la déréglementation, comparé aux grands monopoles naturels où la concurrence ne peut pas fonctionner de façon normale, comme la production d’électricité, les transports publics ou les télécommunications. .
Un des atouts du livre de Stedman Jones est le chapitre qu’il consacre aux différents think tanks, aux États-Unis comme en Grande-Bretagne, qui ont accompagné le néo-libéralisme. Les think tanks constituent, comme la presse, un élément important dans la chaîne de transmission des idées, depuis leur origine chez les intellectuels jusqu’aux « utilisateurs finaux » que sont les milieux politiques et la population en général. La connaissance du fonctionnement de ce chaînon est clairement essentielle dans toute étude en histoire des idées.
La thèse fondamentale de l’ouvrage de Burgin est que les différents promoteurs de l’idée néo-libérale n’ont jamais réussi à se mettre d’accord sur le contenu réel de cette idée. Trois approches se sont côtoyées depuis 1938, ont cohabité et ont réussi à éviter (parfois de justesse) une confrontation qui aurait pu être fatale : le néo-libéralisme pourrait être un libéralisme encadré par un État faisant — ou disant pour le moins — les lois nécessaires à son fonctionnement juste (Rougier, Lippmann, Hayek) ; il pourrait également être une théorie de la bonne civilisation (Roepke) ; il pourrait enfin se réduire à une pure doctrine de liberté économique (Friedman) et revenir plus ou moins au manchesterianisme décrié lors du Colloque Lippmann. Il ne s’agit pas d’une thèse fondamentalement nouvelle, puisque Michel Foucault, ou plus récemment Serge Audier, ont mis en avant ces ambiguïtés ; Burgin en donne sa propre version et pense que la vision friedmanienne semble l’avoir emporté mais peut-être pas de manière définitive, car les ambiguïtés n’ont pas disparu.
On pourra regretter que les « ultra-libéraux » soient totalement absents de ces deux ouvrages. Le nom de Robert Nozick n’y apparaît pas, ceux d’Ayn Rand ou de Murray Rothbard ne surgissent qu’au hasard d’une citation ou d’une anecdote. Ces théoriciens n’entrent pas bien dans la classification de Burgin ; ils n’en ont pas moins des positions bien marquées, justifiant par le droit naturel un rejet quasiment absolu des interventions étatiques, y compris dans la fonction d’élaboration des règles de fonctionnement de l’économie de marché (c’est bien là leur jusnaturalisme). Au bout du compte, ces auteurs sont proches des positions du laisser-faire du XIXème siècle, mais à partir de bases philosophiques élaborées mettant en avant la primauté absolue de l’individu. L’absence de ces acteurs qui n’ont pourtant pas manqué d’influencer la marche des idées aux États-Unis peut s’expliquer par les objectifs particuliers de chacun des livres évoqués : la Société du Mont Pèlerin pas plus que la politique économique des gouvernements en place n’ont été touchées par l’ultralibéralisme (si on fait l’impasse sur le cas d’Alan Greenspan, influencé dans sa jeunesse par Ayn Rand mais que les ultra-libéraux ont pu considérer comme passé à l’ennemi quand il acquis le pouvoir considérable qu’il avait à la tête du Federal Reserve System). Cette absence n’en laisse pas moins une certaine impression d’inachèvement.
Les ouvrages de Stedman Jones et Burgin sont donc deux études sérieuses et pertinentes sur certains aspects de la marche des idées libérales depuis 80 ans, même si elles ne prétendent pas à en constituer un compte rendu définitif. Du fait d’objectifs plus limités, ils ne se comparent pas aux histoires à vocation encyclopédique comme celles offertes par Philippe Nemo et Jean Petitot (Histoire du Libéralisme en Europe), Catherine Audard (Qu’est-ce-que le libéralisme ?) ou Serge Audier (Néolibéralisme(s)). Au lecteur intéressé par cette histoire, qu’il s’agisse du néo-libéralisme comme mouvement d’idées ou comme pratique politique, ils offrent des apports précieux à la compréhension d’événements particuliers souvent négligés.
Aujourd’hui (horresco referens) certaines impasses économiques et politiques peuvent inciter à penser que des solutions vues comme « libérales » — mais qu’il vaudrait mieux qualifier comme « orthodoxes » — constituent la seule politique possible, qu’il n’y a qu’une seule voie. La lecture de ces deux livres nous rappelle des périodes encore assez proches où les débats d’idées étaient possibles et nous fait rêver à leur retour.
par Jean Magnan de Bornier , le 19 juin


Pour citer cet article :

Jean Magnan de Bornier, « Regards croisés sur l’histoire du néo-libéralisme », La Vie des idées, 19 juin 2013. ISSN : 2105-3030. URL : http://www.laviedesidees.fr/Regards-croises-sur-l-histoire-du.html


Notes

[1] Sur le colloque Lippmann, voir la recension du livre de Serge Audier sur la Vie des idées.
[2] Le terme de « libéralisme manchesterien » désigne communément le corps de doctrine des partisans du libre-échange et du laisser-faire dans l’Angleterre du XIXe siècle, dont les chefs de file étaient Richard Cobden et John Bright, qui s’est notamment manifesté lors du débat sur la suppression descorn laws qui réglementaient le commerce des céréales. Leur combat contre les barrières aux échanges instituées par les États les a fait apparaître comme des adversaires acharnés des interventions publiques et le terme de « manchestérien » est devenu péjoratif sous la plume de certains socialistes comme Ferdinand Lassalle.

The Pursuit of Edward Snowden: Washington in a Rage, Striving to Run the World


Snowden supporters in Hong Kong. (Getty Images)Rarely has any American provoked such fury in Washington’s high places. So far, Edward Snowden has outsmarted the smartest guys in the echo chamber—and he has proceeded with the kind of moral clarity that U.S. officials seem to find unfathomable.
Bipartisan condemnations of Snowden are escalating from Capitol Hill and the Obama administration. More of the NSA’s massive surveillance program is now visible in the light of day—which is exactly what it can’t stand.
The central issue is our dire shortage of democracy. How can we have real consent of the governed when the government is entrenched with extreme secrecy, surveillance and contempt for privacy?
The same government that continues to expand its invasive dragnet of surveillance, all over the United States and the rest of the world, is now asserting its prerogative to drag Snowden back to the USA from anywhere on the planet. It’s not only about punishing him and discouraging other potential whistleblowers. Top U.S. officials are also determined to—quite literally—silence Snowden’s voice, as Bradley Manning’s voice has been nearly silenced behind prison walls.
The sunshine of information, the beacon of principled risk-takers, the illumination of government actions that can’t stand the light of day—these correctives are anathema to U.S. authorities who insist that really informative whistleblowers belong in solitary confinement. A big problem for those authorities is that so many people crave the sunny beacons of illumination.
On Sunday night, more than 15,000 Americans took action to send a clear message to the White House. The subject line said “Mr. President, hands off Edward Snowden,” and the email message read: “I urge you in the strongest terms to do nothing to interfere with the travels or political asylum process of Edward Snowden. The U.S. government must not engage in abduction or any other form of foul play against Mr. Snowden.”
As the Obama White House weighs its options, the limits are practical and political. Surveillance and military capacities are inseparable, and they’re certainly huge, but constraints may cause major frustration. Sunday on CNN, anchor Don Lemon cited the fabled Navy Seals and said such commandos ought to be able to capture Snowden, pronto.
The state of surveillance and perpetual war are one and the same. The U.S. government’s rationale for pervasive snooping is the “war on terror,” the warfare state under whatever name.
Too rarely mentioned is the combination of nonviolence and idealism that has been integral to the courageous whistleblowing by Edward Snowden and Bradley Manning. Right now, one is on a perilous journey across the globe in search of political asylum, while the other is locked up in a prison and confined to a military trial excluding the human dimensions of the case. At a time of Big Brother and endless war, Snowden and Manning have bravely insisted that a truly better world is possible.
Meanwhile, top policymakers in Washington seem bent on running as much of the world as possible. Their pursuit of Edward Snowden has evolved into a frenzied rage.
Those at the top of the U.S. government insist that Edward Snowden and Bradley Manning have betrayed it. But that’s backward. Putting its money on vast secrecy and military violence instead of democracy, the government has betrayed Snowden and Manning and the rest of us.
Trying to put a stop to all that secrecy and violence, we have no assurance of success. But continuing to try is a prerequisite for realistic hope.
A few months before the invasion of Iraq, looking out at Baghdad from an upper story of a hotel, I thought of something Albert Camus once wrote. "And henceforth, the only honorable course will be to stake everything on a formidable gamble: that words are more powerful than munitions."
Edward Snowden’s honorable course has led him to this historic moment. The U.S. government is eager to pay him back with retribution and solitary. But many people in the United States and around the world are responding with love and solidarity.

Drinking Water Contamination Linked to Fracking, Horizontal Drilling



Concentrations of methane in drinking water near gas wells six times higher than levels farther away

- Andrea Germanos, staff writer
Photo: William Avery Hudson/cc/flickrA new study is shedding more light on the environmental costs of shale gas extraction.
Led by Robert B. Jackson of Duke University, the study published Monday in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that drinking water wells in close proximity to natural gas wells that use horizontal drilling or fracking were contaminated with stray gases including methane, ethane and propane, with methane concentrations an average of six times higher than those wells farther away.
“The methane, ethane and propane data, and new evidence from hydrocarbon and helium content, all suggest that drilling has affected some homeowners’ water,” lead author Robert B. Jackson, a professor of environmental sciences at Duke’s Nicholas School of the Environment, said in a statement.  “In a minority of cases the gas even looks Marcellus-like, probably caused by poor well construction.”
The researchers, who studied 141 drinking water wells primarily in northeastern Pennsylvania, found methane in the drinking water of 82% of the houses sampled, and the methane concentrations in wells of homes less than one kilometer from a gas well were six times higher on average than those located farther away.
A similar pattern emerged for ethane, with concentrations of the gas found 23 times higher on average for homes less than one kilometer from a gas well.   The researchers found propane in 10 of the 133 homes they studied for this gas, all close to a gas well.
"The ethane and propane are signatures of fracking," USA Today reports Jackson as saying.
The Associated Press notes that the new study "is an expansion of a 2011 study that attracted widespread attention for its finding that drilling was polluting some water wells with methane."
“The new data reinforces our earlier observations that stray gases contaminate drinking water wells in some areas of the Marcellus shale," added Avner Vengosh, study co-author and professor of geochemistry and water quality at Duke’s Nicholas School.
As DeSmogBlog's Steve Horn points out, "The Duke study offers food-for-thought in the hours leading up to President Obama's forthcoming announcement of a climate change legislative plan at Georgetown University, just a month after his Bureau of Land Management adoptedthe American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) model bill for fracking chemical fluid disclosure on public lands."
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Barack Obama: The Master of Deceit - James Petras

James Petras: Presidential Rule by Deception - Obama, the Master Con-man

De:
Global Research E-Newsletter 
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Presidential Rule by Deception: Obama, the Master Con-man

Global Research, June 24, 2013


Introduction
In an electoral system, run by and for a corporate oligarchy, deception and demagoguery are essential elements – entertaining the people while working for the wealthy.
Every US President has engaged, in one fashion or another, in ‘play acting’ to secure popular approval, neutralize hostility and distract voters from the reactionary substance of their foreign and domestic policies.
Every substantive policy is accompanied by a ‘down home’ folksy message to win public approval. This happened with President ‘Jimmy’ Carter’s revival of large-scale proxy wars in Afghanistan in the post-Viet Nam War period; Ronald Reagan’s genocidal wars in Central America, George Bush Sr.’s savaging of Iraq in the First Gulf War; ‘Bill’ Clinton’s decimation of social welfare in the US while bombing civilians in Yugoslavia and deregulating Wall Street; George Bush Jr.’s invasion and partition of Iraq and Afghanistan, the attempted coup in Venezuela and massive tax cuts for the rich; and Barack Obama’s staggering bailout of the biggest Wall Street speculators, unprecedented launching of five consecutive wars, and arrest and deportation of millions of immigrant workers. Each President has elaborated a style in order to ingratiate himself with the public while pursuing his reactionary agenda.
In rhetoric, appearance and in public persona, it is ‘de rigueur’ for US Presidents to present themselves as an ‘everyman’ while committing political actions – including war crimes worthy of prosecution.
Each President, in his ‘play acting’, develops a style suitable to the times. They constantly strive to overcome the public’s suspicion and potential hostility to their overt and covert policies designed to build empire as domestic conditions deteriorate. However, not all play acting is the same: each President’s ‘populist’ style in defense of oligarchic interests has its characteristic nuances.
The Carter Feint: ‘Human Rights’ Wars in the Post-Viet Nam War Era
‘Jimmy’ Carter was elected President at a time of the greatest mass anti-war upheaval in US history. His campaign projected a soft-spoken, conciliatory President from humble roots reaching out to the anti-war electorate and solemnly pledging to uphold human rights against domestic militarists and their overseas despotic allies. To that end, he appointed a liberal human rights advocate Pat Derian to the State Department and a veteran Cold Warrior, Zbigniew (Zbig) Brzezinski, as National Security Advisor and foreign policy strategist.
Duplicity reared its head immediately: Carter openly criticized the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua – while privately telling the dictator to ignore the public criticisms and assuring him of continuing US support.[1] As the Sandinista revolution advanced toward victory, Carter convoked a meeting of Latin American leaders urging them to join in a joint military intervention with the US to ‘save lives’ and to prevent the popular Nicaraguan revolution from taking power and dismantling the dictator’s army. It soon became clear to the leaders of Latin America that Carter’s mission was a thinly- veiled ‘humanitarian’ version of ‘gunboat diplomacy’ and they declined. When Carter realized that, without the fig leaf of Latin American participation, a US-led invasion would arouse universal opposition, he abandoned the project. The political climate would not support a unilateral US invasion so soon after the end of the war in Indochina .
However, Carter soon re-launched the Cold War, reviving military spending and pouring billions of dollars into funding, arming and training tens of thousands of fundamentalist Jihadists from around the world to invade Afghanistan and overthrow its leftist, secular government.
Carter’s policy of re-militarization and launching of large-scale and long-term secret CIA operations in alliance with the most brutal dictators and monarchs of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan was accompanied by sanctimonious speeches about human rights and token appeals to protect ‘civilians’. In this regard, Carter became our founding father of the double discourse: a con man that publically condemned the jailing and torture by Pinochet of political opponents in Chile while orchestrating what would become a decade-long blood bath in Afghanistan with millions of victims.
Reagan: Geniality with Genocide
Up until the ascendancy of Barack Obama, the avuncular President, Ronald Reagan, was acknowledged as the ‘master con-man’, by virtue of his Hollywood acting experience. Reagan was and remained a disciplined and hardened backer of policies designed to concentrate wealth while smashing unions, even as he entertained the flag-waving hard hat construction workers with his jokes about ‘limousine liberals’ and Cadillac welfare queens. The knowing wink and clever two-liners were matched by an adaptation of morality tales from his cowboy films. Reagan, in his role as ‘the righteous sheriff’, backed the mercenary contras as they invaded Nicaragua and destroyed schools and clinics and the genocidal military dictators in El Salvador and Guatemala who murdered hundreds of thousands of Indians and peasants.
Uncle Reagan’s friendly chats would describe how he had stopped the communist ‘outlaws’ (peasants, workers and Indians) of Central America from flooding across the Rio Grande and invading California and Texas. His tales resonated with mass audiences familiar with the racist Hollywood cowboy film version of unshaven Mexican bandits crossing the ‘ US ’ border. The clean-shaven, straight-talking, ‘stand-up for America’ President Ronald Reagan was elected and re-elected by a resounding majority in the midst of CIA-backed mujahedeen victories over the government and secular civil structure of Afghanistan, Pentagon- supported Israeli slaughter of Palestinian refugees in their camps in Lebanon and the mass genocide of scores of thousands of indigenous villagers in Guatemala.
When news reports seeped out about the mass graves of poor villagers in Guatemala , Reagan resorted to colloquial language right out of a Hollywood film to defend General Rios Mont : “He’s getting a bum rap”. In defending the brutal dictator of Guatemala , Reagan replaced Carter’s sanctimonious phrasing in favor of down-to-earth macho talk of a no-nonsense sheriff.
In substance, both Carter and Reagan were rebuilding the US war machine after the debacle of Viet Nam ; they were setting up a global network of client dictators, Muslim fundamentalists and hypocritical Anglo-American humanitarians interventionists.
Bush Senior: Uni-Polarity and the Ticket to Uncontested Imperial Conquests
Following the break-up of the Soviet Union, the US and Western Europe re-conquered, pillaged and neo-colonized Eastern Europe . West Germany annexed East Germany . And a predator-gangster oligarchy in Russia seized over a trillion dollars of public assets, impoverishing millions and laundered the illicit funds via elaborate banking operations on Wall Street and in London and Tel Aviv.
President George Bush Sr. embraced the doctrine of a unipolar world – free from rival super-power constraints and independent Third World resistance. ‘Poppy’ Bush believed the US could impose its will by force anywhere and at any time without fear of retaliation. He believed he was heir to a new imperial order of free markets, free elections and unrestrained plunder. The first war he would launch would be in the Middle East – the invasion, massive bombing and destruction of Iraq . It was followed by an unprecedented expansion of NATO bases in the countries of Eastern Europe . The spread of neo-liberalism led to the naked pillage of public assets throughout Latin American and Eastern Europe . The Empire ruled the Muslim world through an arc of client dictators from Tunisia , Egypt , and Saudi Arabia to Pakistan .
Bush adopted the persona of the ‘happy warrior’ – the invincible American President who had triumphed over the Evil Empire. Meanwhile, the domestic economy deteriorated under the enormous costs of the massive military build-up and gave rise to a crisis that hurt the electorate. Bush’s personal rigidity and lack of theatricality prevented him from playing the con-man – unlike his predecessor, the actor Reagan. Even as he extolled the prowess of the US military, his career as an ‘insider’ corporate operative and CIA director did not provide him with the demagogic skills necessary for a successful re-election.
While Bush celebrated his overseas victories, he failed to attract a popular following: His pinched face and wooden upper-crust smile was no match for ‘Cowboy’ Reagan’s street corner geniality or even ‘Jimmy’ Carter’s pious intonations of human rights and Christian values ... Deception and demagoguery are crucial elements in a re-election campaign – and so Bush, Sr. gave way for the next Presidential con-man-in-chief, Bill Clinton.
The Clinton-Con: Black Churches , Welfare Cuts and the Wall Street Warrior
Bill Clinton, like Ronald Reagan, turned out to be a Wall Street populist .With his folksy Arkansas intonations he preached messages of hope in black churches while diligently applying the free-market lessons he had learned from his Wall Street mentors. Tooting the saxophone and oozing compassion, Clinton told the poor that he could ‘feel their pain’, while inflicting misery on single mothers forced to leave their children and take minimum-wage jobs in order to retain any public assistance. He joined hands with labor union bosses at Labor Day festivities, while fast-tracking job-killing free-trade treaties (like NAFTA) that devastated the American working class. Bill Clinton enthusiastically sent bombers over Belgrade and other Yugoslav cities for several weeks, destroying its factories, hospitals, schools, power plants, radio and TV stations and bridges, as well as the Chinese Embassy, in support of the terrorist Kosovo Liberation Army and its separatist war against Belgrade . Clinton bombed civilians and their vital infrastructure, a war crime in the name of ‘humanitarian intervention’, to the ecstatic cheers of many Western liberals, progressives, social democrats and not a few Marxists as well as many Jihadists. On the home front, this self-proclaimed ‘people’s candidate’ ripped to shreds all restraints on banking speculation by repealing the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, New Deal legislation enacted to protect against massive banking swindles. This opened the floodgates to massive financial manipulation, which destroyed the pensions of many millions of workers.[2]
Clinton’s policies laid the groundwork for the information technology and Stock Market crash of 2000-01. His appointee, Alan Greenspan, created the conditions leading to speculative financial frenzy and subsequent economic crash of 2008. Bill Clinton’s stand-up comic performances in black churches, his back slapping encounters with labor bureaucrats and his embrace of feminists and others just raised the rhetorical bar for future aspiring Wall Street warlords in the White House. It would take eight years and the election of Barack Hussein Obama to finally surpass Bill Clinton as Con-Man-In Chief.
Bush Junior: A Yale Man with a Texas Drawl
President George Bush, Junior’s regime launched two major wars and backed two Israeli assaults on Palestinian civilians trapped in Gaza – the world’s largest open-air prison. He virtually eliminated taxes on billionaires while overseeing the geometrical growth of the domestic police state apparatus; and he unleashed the biggest speculative bubble and crash since the Great Depression. He lowered the living standards for all Americans except the top 10% of the population – and despite these disasters and despite his lack-luster performance as a con-man, he was re-elected.
His handlers and backers did their best to market their boy: his Ivy League credentials and New England background was replaced by a transparently phony Texas accent; tinny, whiney sound bites, reminiscent of his father’s, were replaced by a Texas ‘ranchers’ homely drawl. His ‘just-folks’ grammatical mistakes may have been mocked by the liberals but they resonated deeply with fundamentalist Christians – who would never have recognized the Phillips Exeter Academy-Yale Skull and Bones boy in their Commander-in Chief.
President Bush, Jr. was decked out in the uniform of a ‘Top Gun’ fighter pilot to polish his military credentials tarnished by revelations that the millionaire-playboy had gone AWOL during his service in the National Guard. His silly ‘Mission Accomplished’ claim that the Iraq war had been won in the first months after the invasion was rudely corrected by the huge outbreak of Iraqi resistance against the occupier. Bush handed over foreign policymaking, especially pertaining to the Middle East , to a small army of Jewish Zionists, aided and abetted by notorious militarists, like Cheney and Rumsfeld. Most major political events were handled by his Cabinet thugs – Secretary of State Colin Powell shamelessly fabricated the ‘evidence’ of Saddam Hussein’s weapons of mass destruction in his performance before the United Nations. Donald Rumsfeld and Paul Wolfowitz invented Afghanistan ’s ties to the planners of 9/11.
Cheney and his Zionist troika of Paul Wolfowitz, Douglas Feith and ‘Scooter’ Libby trumpeted the ‘global war on terror’ while Michael Chertoff, Michael Mukasey and Stuart Levey conducted a domestic war against the Bill of Rights and US Constitutional freedoms, defending torture, jailing thousands of Muslims, punishing businesses trading with Iran and labeling US opponents of Israel’s war crimes as ‘security threats’. Bush, Jr. just nodded his approval, letting the “big fellas have a piece of the action”. With Junior, there was no peace demagoguery just plain talk to plain folks and- “Let the bombs fall and the Capital flow”. Bush did not have to go preaching to black churches (he had a black Secretary of State and National Security Adviser to do his dirty work without the cant); Bush never claimed that Israel got the ‘bum rap’ when it was charged with genocidal crimes. Under Bush, Jr., war criminals did not have to ‘sugar-coat’ their crimes. While occupying the White House, Bush signed off on the multi-trillion-dollar bailout for Wall Street and then just went off to tend his cows and chop wood at the Texas ranch.
Bush’s ‘style’ was a combination of ‘laid back’ and ‘straight forward’: he simply committed war crimes, protected Wall Street swindles and expanded the police state, without claiming otherwise. As the endless wars dragged on, as the stock market flopped under its own fraud and manipulation and the increasingly repressive legislation provoked debate, Bush just shrugged his shoulders and finished out his term in office without flourish or fanfare: “Y’all can’t win ‘em all. Let the next guy try his hand”.
Barack Obama: The Master of Deceit
From the beginning of his Presidential campaign, Obama demonstrated his proficiency as the master of all cons. He spoke passionately against torture while consulting with the torturers; he condemned Wall Street speculators while appointing key Street operatives as economic advisers. He promised a new deal in the Middle East , especially for Palestinians and then appointed a dual citizen, Israeli-US, Rahm Emmanuel (son of an Israeli Irgun terrorist) to be his most intimate Presidential advisor. Honolulu born and bred, Barack modulated his voice according to the audience, adopting a Baptist minister’s cadence for the black audiences while assuming the professorial tone of an Ivy League lawyer for his Wall Street contributors.
He hob-knobbed with Hollywood celebrities and Silicon billionaires, who bankrolled the fairy tale of his ‘historic breakthrough’ – the First Afro-American President who would speak for all Americans – nay for the entire world! Millions of giddy camp followers, white, black, old and young, the trade unionists and community activists alike were willingly deceived. They had chosen to disregard the fact that Barack Obama’s key advisers were rabid militarists, big bankers, corporate CEO’s, die-hard Zionists and Wall Street manipulators.
Indeed Obama’s supporters were enchanted by the phony rhetoric, the demagogy, the ‘populist style’, and the fake ‘authenticities’. Here was the man who promised to end the wars, close the torture concentration camp in Guantanamo , bring Wall Street to heel, repeal the Patriot Act and restore the Bill of Rights. And he was ‘their guy’ – shooting hoops in an urban playground – something Bush had never done! In truth, Barack Hussein Obama did a lot that Bush never dared to do – he surpassed Bush by far in committing war crimes against humanity – pushing for more military adventures abroad and police state repression at home. He exceeded by far any President in US history in assuming dictatorial police powers, in waging multiple wars while directing the massive transfer of state revenues to Wall Street bankers. President Obama, hands down, will be regarded as the greatest con-man President in American history. The Carters, Reagans and Clintons all pale in comparison: the enormous gap between style and substance, promise and performance, peace and war, capital and labor has never been greater.
It is President Obama’s hollow eloquence that raised the hopes of millions at home and abroad only to condemn them to an inferno of endless wars. It is the perversity of his rhetoric which attracts the Latino vote with promises of immigrant citizenship while his policy has been fill detention centers with hundreds of thousands of immigrant workers and their families. His soaring rhetoric promising justice for Muslims in Cairo was followed by the bloody bombing of Tripoli, the torture and slaughter of the Libyan patriot President Gadhafi; the broken promises to the Palestinians contrasts with the embrace of the bloody Israeli warlords.
Obama far out-paced President Bush’s drone attacks in Pakistan , Yemen and Afghanistan , bombings which targeted farmers, whole families and famished orphans in their schools. Soaring moral and ethical pronouncements accompany Obama’s arming and praising the 40,000 Muslim fundamentalist mercenaries sent to degrade and shatter the secular Syrian state. The pretexts for mass killing fall from his lips like maggots on a rotten corpse: his blatant lies about the use of poison gas in Syria as the government in Damascus confronts a foreign mercenary invasion; the lurid tales of fabricated massacres in Benghazi ( Libya ) and the false claims of stolen elections in Venezuela . Obama’s rhetoric converts executioners into victims and victims into executioners.
President Barack Obama promised a comprehensive health care overhaul for America and then presented the electorate with a confusing series of obligatory payments for plans designed by for-profit private health insurance companies. Obama ‘defended social security’ by raising the age of retirement, ensuring that hundreds of thousands of workers in hazardous occupations would die before ever receiving any benefits after a lifetime of obligatory contributions. Obama solemnly promised to defend Medicare and then proposed to reduce its budget by a trillion dollars over a decade.
Obama claims a presidential prerogative of ‘defending American interests’ by ordering the assassination of whomever his million-member secret police state apparatus designates as a security threat – including American citizens – without trial, without recourse to habeas corpus.
In the White House Rose Garden President Barack Obama strolls arm-in-arm with his wife and children, a family man, true to his promises… While in Aleppo a young teen, a street vendor, is beheaded before his parents and neighbors by fanatical ‘freedom-fighters’ praised and supported by the President. The boy’s alleged crime was blasphemy. The murdered teen has joined the scores of thousands of Syrians killed and the hundreds of thousands who will join them, as Obama has decided to openly arm the mercenaries.
Casual, open collar, President Obama jokes as he walks and talks with Chinese President Xi Jinping at the sumptuous estate of a California billionaire, offering friendship and peace – shaking hands for the cameras with a scorpion in his palm. The smiling Obama has ceaselessly dispatched his envoys to Asia, Latin America, Oceana and Africa to incite claims and conflicts against Beijing . Obama believes that his own ‘personal magic’ will blind the Chinese to the fact that China is being encircled by US air and maritime bases. He seems to believe that the Chinese will ignore his efforts to forge US-centered trade pacts which specifically exclude China .
The master ‘confidence-man’ sincerely believes in his power to move and mystify the public, pick the pockets of his adversaries and make his victims believe they have been in the presence of a world-class statesman. In fact, Obama has been playing the role of a street hustler living off the earnings and lives of his people while handing them over to his corporate bosses and pimps for Israel .
Obama fills internment camps with hundreds of thousands of Latino immigrant workers while promising a ‘roadmap to citizenship’ to the cheers of Mexican-American Democratic Party vote hustlers!
Obama received 95% of the Afro-American votes, while the income gap between blacks and whites widens and unemployment and poverty figures soar. Obama, the first ‘Afro-American President’, has bombed and intervened in more African countries, backing mercenary armies in Libya and Somalia and establishing more military bases throughout the black continent than the last five ‘white’ Presidents ... So much for the self-proclaimed “historic breakthrough of a Black President ending centuries of racism”.
It’s enough for Obama to appoint other black police state thugs and foreign interventionists, like Eric Holder and Susan Rice, to win the cheers of liberals even as their own security files grow in the data warehouses of the world’s biggest spying agencies.
One cynic, commenting on the long-standing love affair between Obama and white liberals, observed that ‘the more he screws them the better they like him ... Even as he marches them off to jail, they would take care to note on his behalf, that the barred windows have curtains – something Bush would never have allowed.’
Conclusion
For sheer span of broken promises, of systematic lies in pursuit of wars and financial manipulation in the name of peace and social justice , of consistent and bold aggrandizement of executive power over the life and death of US citizens in the name of security, Obama has set the standard of political deception and demagogy far beyond past and probable future US Presidents.
The political context of his ascent to power and his deep links to the military-financial-Zionist networks insured his success as a premier confidence man.
President George Bush, Jr., the cringing, fading war-monger engaged in prolonged, costly wars and facing the collapse of the entire banking and financial sector, provided Candidate Obama with an easy target. Obama exploited the mass revulsion of the American people, longing for change. His soaring rhetoric and vacuous promise of ‘change’ attracted millions of young activists ... The problem is that in their enthusiasm and blind adherence to ‘identity politics’ with its claims that all ‘blacks’ and ‘women’ are oppressed and therefore guaranteed to promote peace and justice — facilitated Obama’s con-game and political hustle.
Obama, once in office, not only deepened and widened the scope of President Bush, Jr’s wars, massive spy apparatus and corporate profiteering; he bamboozled the vast majority of his liberal-labor supporters in the Democratic Party! Barack Obama conned the Democratic Party Congressional liberals and they, in turn, conned their constituents into supporting this fraud.
The costs of President Obama’s two-faced policies are enormous: democracy has given way to a police state openly defended by the President and Congressional leaders; Wall Street’s recovery and corporate profiteering is fast destroying public health and social security. Barack Obama’s multiple endless wars and interventions are destroying vast cities, infrastructure, entire cultures while and killing and impoverishing millions of people from Libya to Palestine , from Syria to Iran . The economic sanctions against Iran , the provocative encirclement and isolation of China , and the campaign to destabilize Venezuela are the centerpieces of Obama’s ‘pivot to empire’. These policies portend even greater world-shattering catastrophes.
Unmasking the con-man is a first step requiring that we expose the tricks of the con-game. The politics of deception and demagogy thrives by directing popular attention to style and rhetoric, not substance. The solemn and pious cant of ‘Jimmy’ Carter distracted from his launch of the rabid Jihadists against the secular administration of Afghanistan . Uncle Ronald Reagan’s geniality and populist TV patter covered-up his blood baths in Central America and mass firing of the unionized air controllers and jailing of union leaders. ‘Bill’ Clinton’s show of empathy for the poor and embrace of ‘feel-good’ politics neutralized opposition as he bombed Yugoslavia into a pre-industrial age while his domestic policies kicked vulnerable single mothers from welfare programs. They all paled before the grand con-master Obama, billed as the ‘first black’ President, a community organizer (who disowned his sponsor into the black communities of Chicago, Rev. Wright, for his anti-war, anti-imperial stand) has capitalized on his racial credentials to garner the vote of guilty-ridden, soft-headed liberals and marginalized blacks in order to serve the interests of Wall Street and Israel.
Disarming these con-men and women requires exposing the nature of their demagogic populist styles and focusing on substantive politics. The decisive criteria need to be class politics that are defined by fundamental class alignments, between capital and labor regarding budgets, income, taxes, social spending, financing and property rights. ‘Shooting hoops’ in ghetto playgrounds is a con-man’s distraction while his budget cuts close hospitals and schools in black and poor neighborhoods.
The extravaganzas, featuring sports and entertainment celebrities to promote imperial wars, are the ‘con’ to undermine international solidarity for war victims and the unemployed. President Obama, the confidence man, is still performing while sowing destruction.
It’s time for the deceived, the disillusioned and the deprived to stand-up and shout! “We are deceived no more. Its time you were put on trial for Crimes against Humanity!”