quarta-feira, 19 de junho de 2013

Privatização neoliberal da água em Portugal

Privatização e concessão da água, há diferença? Por João Bau

Postado por esquerda.net
João Bau, investigador-coordenador e deputado municipal do Bloco em Lisboa, afirma neste texto que defende a “propriedade pública e a gestão pública dos serviços de abastecimento de água e saneamento”. Salienta que esta opção se baseia numa visão “diferente da perspetiva neoliberal” e que assenta noutros valores e noutra cultura, “que passa pelo reconhecimento do 'direito à água', condição necessária à garantia do direito à vida, como sendo uma responsabilidade coletiva”.
João Bau defende a “propriedade pública e a gestão pública dos serviços de abastecimento de água e saneamento”. Salienta que esta opção se baseia numa visão “diferente da perspetiva neoliberal” e que assenta noutros valores e noutra cultura, “que passa pelo reconhecimento do 'direito à água', condição necessária à garantia do direito à vida, como sendo uma responsabilidade coletiva”.
Publicamos no esquerda.net na íntegra o texto de apoio à intervenção de João Bau1, na mesa redonda: “Privatização e concessão da água, há diferença?”, realizada no Porto em 16 de maio de 2013.
1- Considerações iniciais
No convite que me foi formulado para participar nesta sessão foi-me proposto que “abordasse a questão em debate (“privatização e concessão da água, há diferença?”) com um tema que considerasse mais adequado”.
E confesso que me veio imediatamente à cabeça que a questão formulada terá porventura sido a que veio à cabeça dos membros do atual governo quando iniciaram a sua ação governativa: como entregar ao capital privado (um objetivo declarado da política do governo) a exploração dos serviços de água e saneamento que envolviam responsabilidades (ou melhor, capitais) do Estado? Privatizar a “holding” estatal do sector (a AdP-Águas de Portugal) ou concessionar a gestão das empresas do grupo? Todos tivemos aliás conhecimento pela comunicação social que esta problemática estava em cima da mesa da atual equipa ministerial…e, evidentemente, dos interessados na privatização. Inicialmente a comunicação social noticiava que a AdP estava incluída na lista de empresas a privatizar, ou seja, das empresas que o governo pretendia alienar. Só bastante mais tarde os meios de comunicação social começaram a falar de concessão de serviços.
O tema que escolhi para a abordagem da questão que me foi proposta é pois, exatamente a questão governamental atrás referida “Como entregar ao capital privado a exploração dos serviços de água e saneamento com capitais do Estado?” E para concretizar a via que selecionei, e contribuir para o debate sobre ela, procurarei responder, ou melhor, dar “as minhas respostas”, para um conjunto de questões:
- Será que a privatização ou a concessão de serviços de abastecimento de água e saneamento são a mesma coisa? Em que diferem?
- Porquê não sou adepto da privatização dos referidos serviços de água e saneamento e sou favorável à sua gestão por entidades públicas?
- Que efeitos são de esperar se os serviços de água e saneamento forem privatizados?
- E porquê o atual governo PSD/CDS escolheu a via da concessão para entrega ao capital privado dos sistemas de água e saneamento, em detrimento da via da venda do capital das “holding” estatal?
Evidentemente que, dado o tempo limitado de que posso dispôr, só poderei indicar muito sumariamente alguns dos principais tópicos das resposta às questões que formulei, sendo porventura no debate que se poderão aprofundar algumas das pistas que procurarei apresentar.
2- Privatização ou concessão de serviços de água e saneamento a entidades privadas é a mesma coisa?
Os modelos de gestão de serviços de água e saneamento que correspondem às hipóteses que são postas no tema escolhido para este debate estão na “mesma margem” (ou seja, implicam a adoção de idênticos critérios de gestão, uma gestão que tem como prioridade “a criação de valor para o acionista”) mas são diferentes.
Quando se fala de gestão privada de sistemas de água e saneamento em sentido estrito fala-se de um modelo em que quer a gestão quer a propriedade dos sistemas é privada.
E quando se fala de concessão fala-se de um modelo em que a entidade com competência legal em matéria de gestão dos serviços (no caso da água e saneamento os municípios, associações de municípios, as regiões autónomas ou o Estado no caso de sistemas multimunicipais) concessiona ou delega numa terceira entidade (que pode ser uma empresa de capitais públicos, privados ou mistos) a gestão dos sistemas por sua conta e risco durante um determinado período de tempo, obtendo essa entidade a sua remuneração diretamente dos utentes. O financiamento de obras novas para a construção do sistema, ou de simples ampliação, renovação ou modernização do imobilizado são da responsabilidade do concedente ou do concessionário de acordo com o convencionado no contrato de concessão.
Quando se fala em concessão de serviços a privados ou da sua privatização (em sentido estrito) está-se pois a falar (em ambos os casos) da sua entrega à gestão privada, ou em linguagem corrente da sua privatização em sentido lato. Em detrimento da sua gestão pública, seja ela direta (serviços dos municípios ou entidades municipais autónomas) ou delegada (em empresas de capitais públicos, sejam eles municipais, regionais e/ou estatais).
3- Porque sou adepto da gestão pública dos serviços de abastecimento de água e saneamento?
Que resposta é que eu daria à questão que porventura o atual governo se terá colocado: “privatização da AdP ou concessão a entidades privadas dos seus sistemas multimunicipais de água e saneamento”? Pois eu responderia que nem uma nem outra das opções propostas.
Sou um defensor da propriedade pública e da gestão pública dos serviços de abastecimento de água e saneamento. E a minha opção pela defesa da gestão pública baseia-se, exatamente, na visão que tenho para esses serviços só poder ser concretizada por uma gestão pública.
Esta visão é diferente da perspetiva neoliberal do que devem ser os serviços de abastecimento de água e saneamento, assenta noutros valores, e noutra cultura. Que passa pelo reconhecimento do “direito à água”, condição necessária à garantia do direito à vida, como sendo uma responsabilidade coletiva. E pela adoção de políticas da água baseadas nos princípios da ética social, da solidariedade e da igualdade.
De entre os princípios fundamentais desta “visão” aponto os seguintes:
1) Os serviços públicos de água devem ser universais, devem ser concebidos e geridos como sendo dirigidos a todos e cada um dos cidadãos. E, portanto, um primeiro princípio que os serviços de abastecimento de água devem assumir é de que lhes compete garantir a efetividade do exercício do “direito à água” de cada uma das pessoas. Compete-lhes, pois, ao assegurar a universalização da prestação do serviço de abastecimento de água, evitar a marginalização das populações mais pobres, ou daquelas cuja localização geográfica exige investimentos com taxas de retorno reduzidas (ou mesmo negativas).
2) A definição de uma adequada política de financiamento global (que tenha em conta não só o custo do investimento e os encargos de exploração e manutenção dos sistemas existentes, mas também a necessidade da sua expansão e reabilitação), que designadamente explicite que parcela do financiamento global deve ser obtida por recurso às tarifas. E também a definição de uma política tarifária que não pode deixar de ter em conta nem a necessidade de geração dos fundos indispensáveis à garantia da qualidade do serviço a prestar, nem a dimensão social dos serviços prestados. O que recomenda que tenha em conta a distinta natureza das diferentes funções e utilizações da água, que fazem apelo a diferentes valores e para as quais têm de ser definidas prioridades, direitos e critérios de gestão distintos. E portanto, quando da definição dos sistemas tarifários, há que considerar de forma diferenciada:
* a água-vida, em funções de vida, que dizem respeito a direitos humanos individuais (o acesso à água potável, condição de vida e saúde) e coletivos (o direito das comunidades ao território e seus ecossistemas);
* a água-cidadania, em funções de serviço público ou de interesse geral, que dizem respeito a direitos sociais, tais como os relacionados com a saúde pública, a coesão social e a equidade;
* a água-negócio, em funções de negócios legítimos, que dizem respeito a direitos privados e individuais a melhorar o nível de riqueza e bem estar.
Se admitirmos a existência de um “direito à água”, e admitirmos portanto que é uma responsabilidade social coletiva assegurar que cada um dos cidadãos tenha de facto acesso a “uma água salubre e de qualidade aceitável para as utilizações pessoais e domésticas de cada um”, então há ainda que assegurar a existência de mecanismos de solidariedade para a água, por forma a que seja garantida a todos, do ponto de vista económico, a acessibilidade ao serviço de abastecimento de água.
3) A prestação de um serviço de qualidade aos utentes, que contemple não apenas a qualidade do produto fornecido mas também aspetos de ordem social, económica e ambiental.
4) A consideração dos operadores como instrumentos de política de ambiente, adotando uma ótica de sustentabilidade, de promoção da conservação da água e da gestão da procura.
5) A consideração dos operadores como instrumentos de política de desenvolvimento regional e local, o que implica, nomeadamente, um contacto estreito e um trabalho conjunto com os responsáveis políticos a esses níveis.
6) A tomada em consideração do longo prazo, nomeadamente no que respeita à necessidade de investimentos pesados, irreversíveis e com longos períodos de amortização. Perspetiva bem diferente da ótica de curto prazo e de procura do máximo rendimento imediato adotada hoje em dia pelo capital financeiro especulativo.
7) A adoção de uma política de relação e de comunicação com os cidadãos, com associações (de consumidores, ambientalistas, de cariz local, de sectores de atividade) e com a comunicação social, de verdade, de transparência e incentivadora da participação e do controlo social dos serviços.
8) A adoção do princípio de que uma cultura de serviço público no seio dos trabalhadores deve ser acarinhada, promovida e desenvolvida.
9) A preocupação com o reforço da capacidade de gestão dos serviços da abastecimento de água e saneamento, como fator essencial para que seja assegurada a sustentabilidade dos serviços prestados. O que exige especial atenção, nomeadamente, à política de financiamento global, à política tarifária, à política de capacitação tecnológica e à política de recursos humanos e formação.
10) Num mercado cada vez mais aberto os grandes grupos internacionais que dominam o mercado mundial assumem uma política de verticalização do sector (que implica que recorram preferencialmente às suas empresas de projeto, de consultoria, de construção, de fornecimento de equipamentos e materiais, etc.). Essa política tem óbvio impacto no mercado interno (nomeadamente no nível de emprego) dos países em que desenvolvem a sua atividade, mas é extremamente importante para a rentabilização do negócio. Compete pois a cada país a assunção de uma política de promoção dos interesses, capacidades e competências nacionais, quer no mercado nacional quer no mercado internacional.
A minha opção pela defesa da gestão pública para os serviços de abastecimento de água e saneamento baseia-se pois, exatamente, no facto de a visão que foi apontada para esses serviços (com os seus valores, a sua cultura, as suas formas de atuação, as suas grandes linhas estratégicas) só poder ser, em minha opinião, concretizada por uma gestão pública. Esta minha opção não assenta, pois, na defesa das experiências de todas, e de cada uma, das gestões públicas no sector. Que, em tantos casos, se afastam da visão por mim defendida. Como, aliás, a defesa da gestão privada se não faz pela defesa da gestão de todas, e de cada uma, das suas experiências passadas ou atuais.
Ou seja, esta minha opção pela gestão pública de serviços não é feita no desconhecimento das disfunções das atividades e serviços prestados na prática por tantas autoridades públicas, nem das críticas feitas às autoridades públicas pelos defensores do neoliberalismo. Não estamos porém condenados a escolher entre a gestão privada de serviços públicos subordinada ao objetivo da “criação de valor para o acionista” e uma gestão pública burocratizada, ineficiente, por vezes corrupta e distante dos cidadãos e das suas necessidades e aspirações, como sabemos que ocorre em determinadas situações. Pelo contrário, defendo a necessidade de redefinir e relegitimar politicamente a ação pública.
Muito embora seja oportuno referir que a realidade com que nos defrontamos aponta para que as modalidades e experiências de gestão pública de serviços de água e saneamento se revelem, em regra, como mais eficientes e mais eficazes (para os cidadãos) do que as modalidades e experiências de gestão privada. Certamente que será também por isso que a gestão privada responde apenas por 5 a 7% da população servida no Mundo e a gestão pública pelo restante. E que na generalidade dos países desenvolvidos (EUA, Canadá, Austrália, Nova Zelândia, Japão e a generalidade da Europa, com exceção da Inglaterra e Gales, França, em parte, a Espanha e alguns países da Europa de Leste) a gestão pública é largamente dominante ou é até a responsável pela totalidade dos sistemas.
4 - Que efeitos tem a privatização de serviços de abastecimento de água e saneamento?
A privatização do Grupo Águas de Portugal teria certamente efeitos idênticos aos verificados em tantos outros países, nomeadamente aumento de preços, aumento do desemprego, falta de sensibilidade social, menor atenção à temática da sustentabilidade, adoção de uma ótica de curto prazo e de procura do máximo rendimento imediato, etc.
Acresce que uma eventual privatização da AdP (dado o elevado montante que implicaria) levaria provavelmente ao seu controlo por um dos grandes grupos multinacionais do sector. O que, dada a política de verticalização praticada pelos esses grandes grupos (que implica que as empresas operadoras do grupo recorram sistematicamente às restantes empresas do seu grupo para a aquisição de materiais e serviços), implica enormes riscos para as empresas portuguesas que trabalham nos subsectores ligados ao abastecimento de água e saneamento e aos resíduos (gabinetes de estudos e projeto, empreiteiros, empresas vendedoras de materiais, equipamentos e produtos, empresas que prestam serviços de consultoria, de gestão da qualidade, de formação profissional, de fiscalização de obras, etc.).
Em acréscimo há que não esquecer que a decisão de privatização de um serviço de água é praticamente irreversível (se concretizada por via de uma concessão, pelo período desta), dado o valor das indemnizações que uma alteração posterior dessa decisão implicaria.
5- Porquê o governo PSD/CDS opta pela gestão privada de serviços de abastecimento de água e saneamento?
A orientação de privatização da AdP-Águas de Portugal, a holding do Estado Português no domínio do saneamento básico, é neste momento a grande questão que se põe ao País no âmbito das políticas do abastecimento de água e saneamento. Tal privatização tem de ser entendida e analisada como constituindo um dos passos de implementação da política do atual governo. E não, como por vezes á apresentada, como tendo por objetivos o aumento da eficiência na gestão da água ou o de fomentar a concorrência no sector das águas (finalidade manifestamente inalcançável para um serviço que funciona em regime de monopólio natural) ou o de “libertar a sociedade civil”.
A AdP (com todas as suas virtudes, dificuldades e limitações) teve ao longo dos anos uma atividade notável na implementação de políticas que conduziram a uma melhoria nos níveis de atendimento e de qualidade do abastecimento de água e do saneamento no nosso país. A qualidade da nossa água de abastecimento está garantida em praticamente todo o território, a qualidade das nossas praias e rios melhorou enormemente, a capacidade técnica dos portugueses neste sector evoluiu de forma significativa. O trabalho desenvolvido tem sido considerado quer pela União Europeia quer por agências financeiras internacionais como um caso ímpar de sucesso.
A decisão da sua privatização assenta numa clara opção ideológica. Foi aliás anunciada sem que fossem feitos quaisquer estudos de análise do desempenho das entidades gestoras de carácter público e privado em Portugal e em países estrangeiros, identificando os pontos fortes e fracos do seu desempenho. E foram também ignoradas as dificuldades que a partir de cerca de 2002 os grupos privados enfrentam no sector das águas e as mudanças que foram ocorrendo, desde então, na sua estratégia.
Para quem defende uma visão para os serviços de água convergente com a que apresentei anteriormente, a intenção de privatização da AdP é um erro colossal. Mas evidentemente que, para quem defende tal privatização, essa decisão é perfeitamente convergente com a sua visão da sociedade, nomeadamente no que diz respeito às funções que o Estado deve (ou não) assumir e às funções que o sector privado deve assegurar. E a posição governamental de avançar com um conjunto de privatizações de serviços públicos é exatamente uma componente da sua política mais global adotada neste momento.
A resposta europeia às crises nacionais, acentuadas pela vulnerabilidade do euro, é bem conhecida por todos nós: planos de austeridade para recuperar a competitividade a partir da desvalorização dos salários diretos (retirada dos subsídios de Natal e de férias, corte nos salários, diminuição do pagamento do trabalho extraordinário, aumento do tempo de trabalho) e indiretos (aumento para os cidadãos dos custos de saúde e educação e de outros serviços públicos, redução das pensões). A austeridade contudo provoca recessão, o que agrava o défice orçamental, o que muito provavelmente exigirá novos aumentos de impostos que por sua vez agravarão a recessão.
Esta aplicação de programas de austeridade recessiva constitui um primeiro pilar das políticas que estão sendo implementadas e é acompanhada por um segundo pilar, o da reconfiguração neoliberal das economias. Com as políticas atuais, as relações de força na nossa sociedade tenderão a alterar-se profundamente, abrindo as portas a um novo regime social - despedimentos mais fáceis e baratos, fim dos contratos coletivos, enfraquecimento do poder sindical, serviços públicos mínimos com a privatização e mercantilização de serviços essenciais para a vida das populações, privatizações essas que promovem e possibilitam a progressiva entrada dos grupos privados nas áreas tradicionais de provisão pública. Tudo isso em paralelo com o aumento do desemprego e a falência de empresas, nomeadamente de PME. É este o quadro que enfrentamos em Portugal nos dias de hoje.
Estas ideias neoliberais (neste momento dominantes em Portugal), que “regressaram” à arena política nos anos oitenta do século passado, estão na base de uma crítica sistemática ao Estado e a todas as formas de ação pública que está neste momento em pleno desenvolvimento no nosso País: o Estado é acusado de desperdiçar os dinheiros públicos, de paralisar o aparelho económico, de gerir mal, de impedir a iniciativa individual, de transformar os cidadãos em dependentes da assistência pública, de proteger os medíocres e de conduzir o país à decadência. E os trabalhadores da administração pública e do sector empresarial público são, na sua generalidade, considerados ociosos e incompetentes e olhados como os responsáveis por incomportáveis custos para o Estado. Estas críticas são acompanhadas pelos pregadores da “teologia do mercado” pelo enunciado, não menos sistemático, de propostas de resposta política: desregulação da atividade económica, restauração do primado do mercado como mecanismo de distribuição e repartição dos recursos e da riqueza, redução dos impostos e das contribuições para os sistemas de segurança social, libertação das empresas de constrangimentos administrativos. Em suma, redução do Estado ao nível de um “Estado mínimo”, que se deveria limitar a fazer respeitar o direito privado e a assegurar a segurança de pessoas e bens, e que deveria circunscrever a sua ação, no domínio da economia, à proteção da concorrência. São estas as linhas força do pensamento neoliberal e da ação política dos seus defensores.
E são essas linhas de força, essas orientações, que estão na origem da decisão de entregar à gestão privada os sistemas de água e saneamento que neste momento são geridos pelas empresas do grupo AdP.
6- Porquê o governo PSD/CDS opta pela concessão das empresas do grupo AdP e não pela venda do capital da empresa?
Não tenho evidentemente a pretensão de ter uma resposta clara e definitiva à questão “porque é que o atual governo optou pela concessão (ou subconcessão) das empresas do grupo AdP em detrimento da venda do capital da AdP?”.
Mas há alguns elementos, que apresentarei em seguida, que poderão ajudar (ou não...) cada um de nós a encontrar a sua resposta a tal interrogação.
Começaria por recordar que foi o ano de 1989 que marcou a nível internacional o início de uma era de crescimento da gestão privada dos serviços de água e saneamento. Porém desde 2002 que todos os grupos multinacionais com actividade no domínio da água procuraram abandonar ou reduzir e racionalizar a sua exposição no sector. Esta tendência foi visível em todo o mundo, com os grupos multinacionais a retirarem-se dos países em desenvolvimento e as empresas locais serem vendidas a novos proprietários, frequentemente a grupos financeiros.
Nos dias de hoje, com a situação de crise existente, continua a redefinição das estratégias das multinacionais do sector. Constata-se agora que quer a Suez quer a Veolia (grupos que dominam de forma esmagadora o mercado da gestão privada na Europa e na cena internacional), como aliás as outras empresas de menores dimensões (como a SAUR e a FCC), estão crescentemente dependentes de capitais públicos, quer do governo francês quer dos bancos internacionais de desenvolvimento, como o IFC e o EBRD (este último especialmente empenhado no financiamento dos investimentos privados na Europa de Leste). Essa é uma das razões porque a estratégia das multinacionais passa atualmente pela opção por contratos de prestação de serviços e de assistência técnica e por contratos de gestão de sistemas em detrimento de contratos de concessão que impliquem investimentos por parte dos operadores. E pela opção por contratos de curta duração (5 ou 6 anos) em detrimento dos contratos por períodos de 25, 30 ou mais anos, que eram a regra ainda há não muito tempo.
Ora parece claro que a privatização da AdP só poderá conduzir ao seu controlo por capitais estrangeiros. De facto os grupos portugueses potencialmente interessados não têm dinheiro suficiente nem acesso ao crédito (o eng. Pedro Serra, o anterior presidente da AdP, apontou oportunamente para o grupo um valor de mil milhões de euros). Acresce que ao preço da empresa seria necessário adicionar a apresentação de garantias que substituam as que o Estado português concedeu para parte do crédito bancário (cerca de 3000 milhões). Parece claro que a decisão do governo português de não optar pela venda do capital da AdP, ou da participação desta nas empresas participadas, parece ir ao encontro da estratégia das grandes multinacionais do sector da água.
Quem seria que defendia a venda do capital da AdP? Internamente porventura o Ministro das Finanças, interessadíssimo certamente na receita a arrecadar e também na diminuição da exposição do Estado à dívida bancária do grupo de capitais públicos. E, externamente, isso interessaria a alguém? A quem?
Acrescento ainda uma outra observação. É que a decisão do governo de concessionar as empresas multimunicipais acolhe o conceito, apresentado pela primeira vez no PEAASAR 2007-2013, das “empresas gestoras de ativos e concedentes de serviços” para os sistemas multimunicipais. O que é que isto significa na prática? Como tive ocasião de escrever na altura própria (ou seja, na altura em que tal conceito foi apresentado), isso significa que uns (a AdP e os municípios, ou seja, as entidades públicas) respondem pelos financiamentos necessários, quer disponibilizando os capitais próprios das empresas, quer garantindo o crédito bancário que permite o aporte de capitais alheios, respondem por estes durante muitos anos perante a Banca e as suas empresas multimunicipais apresentam resultados negativos durante largos anos (o ”breakeven” ocorre apenas dez, onze, doze ou mais anos após o início da exploração do sistema). Outros (os privados) iniciam a operação dos sistemas sem necessidade de investir um euro nos sistemas que vão operar e estão portanto em condições de começar a distribuir dividendos aos seus acionistas desde o primeiro ano de operação.
Quem irá candidatar-se à concessão das empresas multimunicipais que resultarem do que o governo designou como o processo em curso de reestruturação do sector das águas? Os grandes grupos franceses? Grupos financeiros? Fundos de private equity? Ninguém?
E será que a privatização anunciada pelo governo vai entregar a gestão das empresas do grupo AdP não a empresas privadas, mas a empresas controladas pelo estado francês? Ou (como aconteceu noutros sectores) a empresas controladas por outro governo estrangeiro? Ou a algum fundo soberano?
7- Considerações finais
Encontramo-nos numa incontornável e inegável situação de crise. De crise financeira, de crise económica (ou seja, de crise da economia real, da economia produtiva), mas também de crise social, de crise ambiental, de crise energética, de crise alimentar. Crise essa que reflete e expressa também a crise de um modelo cultural (ou ideológico), que tem como seu principal pilar o fundamentalismo do livre mercado.
Estamos pois num momento de construção de novas alternativas, de conceção de soluções inovadoras e criativas, que façam emergir novas estruturas e formas organizativas da vida coletiva. Estamos num momento de escolhas e do necessário empenhamento na construção do futuro com base nessas escolhas e nos princípios e valores que as enformam.
Conforme aponta muito justamente Esteban Castro, pode dizer-se que as transformações introduzidas, a partir da década de oitenta, no domínio da gestão dos recursos naturais e dos serviços públicos essenciais (especialmente mediante as políticas de desregulação, liberalização e privatização) têm a intenção de descentrar o sistema de governabilidade tradicionalmente fundado sobre a premissa do papel diretor do Estado e de recentrá-lo sobre a base dos princípios do livre mercado. Isto implica, por sua vez, uma reformulação das finalidades e dos valores que orientam o desenvolvimento social, bem como dos sistemas institucionais e de poder envolvidos na prossecução de tais finalidades. Clara e explicitamente, essa reformulação, no caso que nos ocupa, conduziu ao abandono das metas universalistas adotadas desde os fins do século XIX, e a sua substituição por valores de mercado.
A ultrapassagem da situação atual, em meu entender, exige porém que sejam assumidos “novos desafios” e exige uma nova política. Há necessidade de recentrar o sistema de governabilidade, para que as pessoas e os seus direitos estejam no cerne das políticas de desenvolvimento. Há necessidade de reconhecer o papel essencial dos serviços públicos, de desenvolver a solidariedade, de apostar na participação dos cidadãos, de respeitar princípios de ética social e de sustentabilidade. E para que isso seja possível há que reconhecer a centralidade da ação do Estado, não para socializar as perdas do sector financeiro, mas para, em nome do interesse público, reassumir o controlo de sectores estratégicos, nomeadamente no que toca à provisão de serviços públicos. Esta orientação política é uma resposta necessária para fazer face à gravidade da crise que vivemos.
Diz o teólogo brasileiro Leonardo Boff que “Quem controla a água controla a vida e quem controla a vida tem o poder”. Estamos então na altura em que é necessário que todos sejamos chamados a pronunciar-nos sobre esta política que pretende entregar o que tem de ser de todos apenas a alguns. Artigo de João Bau, publicado no site da Associação Água Pública

1 Investigador-Coordenador. Presidente da EPAL nos períodos 1975-1980 e 1996-2000. Administrador da AdP-Águas de Portugal no período 1996-2002. Presidente da APRH no período 1990-1992. Presidente da APDA no período 2000-2003. Membro do “Board” da IWRA no período 1986-1988. Membro do “Board” da EUREAU no período 2000-2003. Deputado Municipal em Lisboa.

How the NSA Gives Private Contractors Control of the Surveillance State

Digital Blackwater: How the NSA Gives Private Contractors Control of the Surveillance State

As the Justice Department prepares to file charges against Booz Allen Hamilton employee Edward Snowden for leaking classified documents about the National Security Agency, the role of private intelligence firms has entered the national spotlight. Despite being on the job as a contract worker inside the NSA’s Hawaii office for less than three months, Snowden claimed he had power to spy on almost anyone in the country. “I, sitting at my desk, certainly had the authorities to wiretap anyone, from you or your accountant to a federal judge, to even the president, if I had a personal email," Snowden told The Guardian newspaper. Over the past decade, the U.S. intelligence community has relied increasingly on the technical expertise of private firms such as Booz Allen, SAIC, the Boeing subsidiary Narus and Northrop Grumman. About 70 percent of the national intelligence budget is now spent on the private sector. Former NSA Director Michael V. Hayden has described these firms as a quote "digital Blackwater." We speak to Tim Shorrock, author of the book "Spies for Hire: The Secret World of Outsourced Intelligence."

TRANSCRIPT

This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.
AARON MATÉ: The U.S. government has begun the process of charging Edward Snowden with disclosing classified information after he leaked a trove of secret documents outlining the NSA’s surveillance programs. The FBI has already questioned Snowden’s relatives and associates. Snowden is a 29-year-old computer technician who formerly worked for the CIA. He reportedly turned over thousands of documents to Glenn Greenwald of The Guardian newspaper, as well as to The Washington Post. Only a few have been published so far. His current whereabouts are unknown. Snowden flew from Hawaii to Hong Kong on May 20th. On Monday, he reportedly checked out of his Hong Kong hotel one day after The Guardian posted a video of him explaining his decision to leak the information.
AMY GOODMAN: Response to Edward Snowden’s actions has been mixed. On Capitol Hill, Senator Dianne Feinstein accused Snowden of committing treason. Meanwhile, Pentagon Papers whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg called Snowden a hero, writing, quote, "In my estimation, there has not been in American history a more important leak than Edward Snowden’s release of NSAmaterial—and that definitely includes the Pentagon Papers 40 years ago," he said. The founder of WikiLeaks, Julian Assange, has also praised Edward Snowden.
JULIAN ASSANGE: Edward Snowden is a hero who has informed the public about one of the most serious, serious events of the decade, which is the creeping formulation of a mass surveillance state that has now coopted the courts, corrupted the courts in the United States, made them secret, made them produce orders which violate U.S. constitutional protections to nearly the entire population, and then, if that wasn’t enough, has embroiled U.S. high-tech companies like Google, Yahoo!, Skype, Facebook, etc., to extend that surveillance all across the world—the amount of collections from the United States alone revealed to be more than 2.4 billion in the month of March alone. And that is something that I and John Perry Barlow and many other journalists and civil libertarians have been campaigning on for a long time, so it’s very pleasing to see such clear and concrete proof presented to the public.
AMY GOODMAN: Julian Assange speaking on Sky News. Up until a few weeks ago, Edward Snowden worked as a systems administrator inside the NSA’s office in Hawaii. His employer was not the U.S. government, but a military contractor called Booz Allen Hamilton. Over the past decade, the U.S. intelligence community has relied increasingly on the technical expertise of private firms such as Booz Allen, SAIC, the Boeing subsidiary Narus and Northrop Grumman. Former NSA director Michael V. Hayden has described these firms as a, quote, "digital Blackwater." According to the journalist Tim Shorrock, about 70 percent of the national intelligence budget is spent on the private sector.
AARON MATÉ: The leaks by Edward Snowden have also raised questions over who has access to the nation’s biggest secrets. According to The Washington Post, authorities are unsure how a contract employee at a distant NSA satellite office was able to obtain a highly classified copy of an order from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. During his interview with The Guardian, Edward Snowden claimed he had the power to spy on anyone, including the president.
EDWARD SNOWDEN: Any analyst at any time can target anyone, any selector anywhere. Where those communications will be picked up depends on the range of the sensor networks and the authorities that that analyst is empowered with. Not all analysts have the ability to target everything. But I, sitting at my desk, certainly had the authorities to wiretap anyone, from you or your accountant to a federal judge, to even the president, if I had a personal email.
AMY GOODMAN: To talk more about Edward Snowden and the privatized world of intelligence, we’re joined by Tim Shorrock, author of the book Spies for Hire: The Secret World of Outsourced Intelligence . He has just written a piece for Salon.com entitled "Meet the Contractors Analyzing Your Private Data: Private Companies Are Getting Rich Probing Your Personal Information for the Government. Call It Digital Blackwater." In fact, Tim Shorrock, explain who exactly called it "digital Blackwater."
TIM SHORROCK: Well, this was said by Michael V. Hayden, who used to be the director of the NSAand was the director of the NSA when President Bush began the warrantless surveillance program back in 2001 right after 9/11. He has moved on from intelligence, the intelligence agencies, to become an executive with Chertoff Group, which is a large consulting company in Washington that works very closely with intelligence agencies and corporations advising them on cybersecurity and advising them on just basically security issues. And so, you know, he has cashed himself in and is making lots of money himself in this industry.
AMY GOODMAN: Let’s go to the former NSA and CIA director, General Michael Hayden, who, as you said, oversaw much of the privatization of the NSA from 1999 to 2005. This is him speaking in 2011.
MICHAEL HAYDEN: We may come to a point where defense is more actively and aggressively defined even for the—even for the private sector and what is permitted there is something we would never let the private sector do in physical space.
UNIDENTIFIED: That’s interesting.
MICHAEL HAYDEN: I mean, you look—well, I mean, let me really throw out a bumper sticker for you here: How about a digital Blackwater? OK? I mean, we have privatized certain defense activities, even in physical space. And now you’ve got a new domain in which we don’t have any paths trampled down in the forest in terms of what it is we expect the government or will allow the government to do. And in the past, in our history, when that has happened, private sector expands to fill the empty space. I’m not quite an advocate for that, but these are the kinds of things that are going to be put into play here very, very quickly.
AMY GOODMAN: That was the former head of the CIA and the NSA, General Michael Hayden. Tim Shorrock, talk about Booz Allen, Booz Allen Hamilton, and Edward Snowden and what this relationship is all about between Booz Allen and the NSA.
TIM SHORROCK: Well, the most astonishing thing I found in the articles in The Guardian and the revelation that he was from Booz Allen was that, in fact, Booz Allen Hamilton is involved at the—basically the darkest levels, the deepest levels of U.S. intelligence. If Mr. Snowden had access to these kinds of documents, such as these PRISM documents about surveillance on the Internet, as well as this FISA court order, that means practically anyone in Booz Allen who is in intelligence working for the NSA has access to the same kinds of documents. And American people should really know that now we have conclusive proof that these private-sector corporations are operating at the highest levels of intelligence and the military. I think that’s the bottom line here. It’s not curious—you know, the question is not why this low-level person at Booz Allen got these documents; the question is: Why is Booz Allen involved at this level of intelligence?
AARON MATÉ: Tim Shorrock, so, according to The New York Times, it’s gone so far that even the process of granting security clearances is often handled by contractors. So, can you talk about the duties that contractors are performing for the government on these intelligence matters?
TIM SHORROCK: Well, first of all, I want to comment on some of these stories in The New York Times and other newspapers. I mean, that’s an old story. Everyone knows that, you know, the security clearances is done by contractors. That’s been true for a decade or more. And, you know, Booz Allen has been around for years and years and years. The question is: Why haven’t these newspapers covered this? They cover intelligence as if there’s no private-sector involvement at all. And suddenly, they hear that Booz Allen is involved, and suddenly we have all these stream of articles about privatized intelligence. Well, welcome to the world of "digital Blackwater," as Hayden calls it.
And, you know, specifically on Booz Allen and what these companies do, I mean, you know, they—as I wrote in my book, Spies for Hire, they do everything from, you know, CIA intervention in other countries; JSOC, you know, when it does raids, contractors are involved in finding out where people they attack are and determining the mapping and all that and the imagery to make sure that pilots and drones can hit the right people—or the wrong people. And they’re involved in the Defense Intelligence Agency. They’re involved in all military agencies that do intelligence. They do everything. They do everything that the government does.
AMY GOODMAN: What’s wrong with that?
TIM SHORROCK: What’s wrong with that is that it’s a for-profit operation. Many times, you have—inside these agencies, you have contractors overseeing other contractors, contractors, you know, giving advice to the agency about how to set its policies, what kind of technology to buy. And, of course, they have relationships with all the companies that they work with or that they suggest to the leaders of U.S. intelligence.
And I think, you know, a terrible example of this is, you know, a few months ago, I wrote a cover story for The Nation magazine about the NSA whistleblowers that you’ve had on this show a few times—Tom Drake, Bill Binney and the other two—and, you know, they blew the whistle on a huge project called Trailblazer that was contracted out to SAIC that was a complete failure. And this project was designed, from the beginning, by Booz Allen, Northrop Grumman and a couple other corporations who advised the NSA about how to acquire this project, and then decided amongst themselves to give it to SAIC, and then SAIC promised the skies and never produced anything, and the project was finally canceled in 2005.
And it’s very ironic that Michael Hayden says he’s not sure about, you know, this privatization. I mean, he’s the one who set this whole privatization in place. He’s the one who did it. He’s the one who pulled the trigger on it. And he’s responsible for this vast privatization of NSA, which, I have to say, began before 9/11.
AMY GOODMAN: Can you talk about Booz Allen Hamilton in terms of its other clients? Here it has this remarkable access to information. You know, as Edward Snowden said in his video statement, which we ran yesterday on Democracy Now!, he could wiretap almost anyone, at his level, and that a lot of people could. The information that people like Snowden get, can Booz Allen then share this information with other corporate clients it has?
TIM SHORROCK: Well, I don’t know that for sure, because it’s very difficult to penetrate these companies, but I don’t think so. I think what they do is they operate just like the intelligence community does, like the—you know, the NSA shares the information with other agencies. Of course, the NSA collects, is the main collector for the government in terms of signals intelligence, what comes over the Internet and telephone and cellphones and all that, and they pass that on to other agencies that request it. It goes to the president of the United States. It goes—it goes to all the high levels of the State Department and other agencies that need to know what’s going on both around the world and inside the United States. And so, I doubt that they would pass it to other corporations, but they certainly have their hands in it.
And I think if Booz Allen Hamilton is doing this and has access to such high-level documents, then you know that these other companies do, too—SAIC, Northrop Grumman, all of the companies you named at the top of the show. They have the same kinds of access, and they do—they do very much the same kinds of work that Booz Allen does. And I think it’s—like I said before, it’s just about time we recognized that this is really, you know, Intelligence Inc. This is a—you know, 70 percent of it is a for-profit operation. It’s a joint venture between government agencies and the private sector, and the private sector makes money off of it. They make big profits from this.
AARON MATÉ: Tim, I’m wondering if you can talk about some more—about these companies, specifically Narus and Palantir.
TIM SHORROCK: Well, Narus is the company that basically makes the technology that allows agencies, as well as corporations and telecom companies, to intercept traffic coming in, telecom traffic coming in, you know, from the outside, from other countries, on fiber-optic cables. And they have this incredible capacity to process information. And, you know, a few year—right after—you know, when this story started blowing up in the—after The New York Times blew the story on surveillance, warrantless surveillance, you know, there was this whistleblower at AT&T, this technician, who found that Narus equipment had been attached to AT&T’s switching center in San Francisco, and they were using this equipment to divert the entire—the entire traffic, all the whole—the whole—everything that was coming in, they diverted that to a secret room, and that went right into the NSA’s servers.
AMY GOODMAN: That was Mark Klein.
TIM SHORROCK: And those—that’s what Narus—that’s what Narus technology does. And so, you know, that’s the key—
AMY GOODMAN: And Narus is owned by Boeing?
TIM SHORROCK: Boeing. It was bought by Boeing. It was actually—the company originated, actually, in Israel. You know, Israel has a very powerful equivalent to the National Security Agency. And it came out of—it came out of Israel, and then they brought their technology here, and they were very involved in the wiretapping right after—right after 9/11. And then Boeing bought them. And, of course, Boeing itself is a major intelligence contractor, through that company, and, you know, they used to—they own a company that used to transport a lot of these prisoners around that the CIAcaptured overseas.
AMY GOODMAN: And Palantir?
TIM SHORROCK: And you asked about—you asked about Palantir. It’s a Silicon Valley company that basically does data mining and mapping out relationships. I mean, all this—as I said in the Salonarticle yesterday, all this information and all this data that comes into the NSA has to be analyzed, and that’s what these companies they do that they hire. You know, they take—you know, NSA stores all this data. We know the story about this big Utah data center that’s just about to open. And they download it all there, and then they can go back to it. They can go back to it a day later, or they can go back to it months later or years later. And that’s one of the things that Mr. Snowden talked about in his interviews, was how they go back and analyze this data.
AMY GOODMAN: I wanted to ask you about The Guardian in its reports calling the NSA contractor Edward Snowden, who fed them information, "whistleblower." But the Associated Press says it would instead use terms like "source" or "leaker." In a memo sent to reporters, it said, quote, "A whistle-blower is a person who exposes wrongdoing. It’s not a person who simply asserts that what he has uncovered is illegal or immoral. Whether the actions exposed by Snowden and [Bradley] Manning constitute wrongdoing is hotly contested. ... Sometimes whether a person is a whistle-blower can be established only some time after the revelations, depending on what wrongdoing is confirmed or how public opinion eventually develops," unquote. What do you make of what the AP is saying? I mean, of course, they change their—their definitions over time. We just saw them drop the word "illegal" when it comes to describing people.
TIM SHORROCK: Well, I think it’s kind of semantics. I mean, you know, he has blown the whistle on some actions that the NSA is doing, some programs the NSA is doing, that may be unconstitutional. And I think, you know, that’s why Daniel Ellsberg has had so much praise for him. I mean, he’s showing the underside of the war on terror, the underside of the surveillance state. And I think, in that sense, he’s a real whistleblower. You know, perhaps the difference between him and, say, theNSA Four—Tom Drake and Bill Binney and the others—is that, you know, the NSA Four did not leak information. I mean, they reported it through the chain of command, or they tried to. And what’s unfortunate was, you know, they tried to do this, and then they were caught up in an investigation of who leaked to The New York Times about the NSA surveillance program, and they were persecuted and investigated, and Tom Drake was actually indicted under the Espionage Act and charged with being a spy. Those charges were ridiculous, and the case completely collapsed, but nevertheless, that’s what happened to them. So, Snowden maybe looked at that and decided, you know, he’s just—you know, why go through channels? I mean, I think if we had a system where people could actually expose wrongdoing and without fear of being persecuted, that he may not have broken the law. And I think we need to look very carefully at that, because we need to protect people like this who want to expose wrongdoing.
AARON MATÉ: Tim Shorrock, is it harder for Snowden, as a private contractor, to try to blow the whistle than it would have been had he been working directly for the government?
TIM SHORROCK: Well, perhaps so. I’m not sure what the difference in how they might prosecute somebody like this, but clearly, from what’s being said, you know, today and what was said yesterday, they’re going after him. In fact, I’ve heard they may charge him under the Espionage Act. So, that’s what they would do to a government official, as well, or an intelligence officer who leaked the same kind of thing. So, I don’t really think it’s that much different. And like I said at the top of the show, you know, what really—what really amazed me was the fact that Booz Allen Hamilton, as a corporation, is involved at this level of intelligence. It’s not that this guy was just a low-level employee. It’s that this company is involved, and you have the private sector at that level of NSA.
AMY GOODMAN: What do you think should be done differently? I mean, there’s two different issues here: One is the level of privatization of the military and intelligence, and the other is what Edward Snowden has actually revealed about what the U.S. government is doing with our information.
TIM SHORROCK: Well, what should we do about specifically what?
AMY GOODMAN: In terms of these private intelligence contractors and the access they have.
TIM SHORROCK: Well, you know, there’s been a process underway where the agencies are supposed to be doing, you know, inventories of the contractors and who they—what they do. And I think—you know, there was a report I saw recently from the inspector general of the Pentagon that looked at the Special Operations Command, which is—you know, Jeremy Scahill has been writing about it. It’s the most secretive part of the U.S. military, does these raids all over the world. And they looked at their contracts, and they found that a lot of JSOC and special operations contractors were doing inherently governmental work; in other words, they were doing things that, by law, should only be done by the government. And there was—at that level, there was very loose oversight.
And I think that we need to look, as a country, and the government certainly needs to do this, and Congress certainly needs to do this—you know, OK, it’s fine to buy technology from corporations, if they need it, but using corporations to fill your ranks, you know, to provide personnel—I mean, you go to these agencies, and it’s—you know, it’s not exactly like this, but it’s very much like a NASCARrace where they have logos, corporate logos, all over themselves. I mean, that’s what it’s like inside the NSA. You’ve got CSC over here. You’ve got Northrop Grumman over here, Lockheed Martin and so on.
Do we need to have the private sector doing all this analysis? I think that’s a very critical question to be asked. Do we want to have private corporations at the highest levels? And again, you know, if that’s something—that’s something that Congress, I believe, should really look at. And in the time that I’ve been covering this, as far as I recall, there’s only been one single hearing in Congress on this issue of intelligence contractors, and it was three years ago, and it was a pathetic hearing. They actually called me in for some advice, and they actually called Tom Drake in for advice, too. I didn’t know it at the time. And they—of course they didn’t use any of our suggestions. I—
AMY GOODMAN: The man they charged with espionage?
TIM SHORROCK: The man they—the man that was—had been charged earlier with espionage.
AMY GOODMAN: Well, the U.S. government had been charged with espionage, who, of course, ultimately—
TIM SHORROCK: Yes.
AMY GOODMAN: —those charges were dropped—
TIM SHORROCK: Right.
AMY GOODMAN: —and has been called by many a whistleblower.
TIM SHORROCK: Right. He’s a true whistleblower. And—but the point—you know, I said, "You know, you ought to call in the chief executives of Booz Allen Hamilton and all these companies, so the American people can meet the secret leaders of the intelligence community." We know who Clapper is. We knew—you know, when Hayden was director, we knew who he was. But we don’t know these people running the corporations.
AMY GOODMAN: McConnell?
TIM SHORROCK: McConnell, Michael McConnell, used to be the director of national intelligence. Before that, he was NSA director. And, you know, in between, he was at Booz Allen Hamilton running their military intelligence programs. Now he’s back at Booz Allen Hamilton. So there’s this continuous flow of people in and out of the private sector back into government. It’s not even a revolving door; it’s just a spending door. But basically, what we have is an intelligence ruling class, public and private, that hold the secrets. And I think, you know, when Bill Binney talks about the Stasi, the East German police that listened to everybody, you know, look at, we have hundreds of thousands of contractors with security clearances. We have hundreds of thousands of federal workers in, you know, Homeland Security and intelligence. We have a massive number of people that are monitoring other Americans. I think it’s a very dangerous situation.
AMY GOODMAN: Tim Shorrock, I want to thank you for being with us, investigative reporter who covers national security. His most recent piece at Salon.com is "Meet the Contractors Analyzing Your Private Data: Private Companies Are Getting Rich Probing Your Personal Information for the Government. Call It Digital Blackwater." He is author of Spies for Hire: The Secret World of Outsourced Intelligence.
This is Democracy Now! When we come back, we’ll look at the Wal-Mart shareholders’ meeting and what happened outside and in. Stay with us.

US-NATO Are Training “Opposition” Rebels in Siria the Use of Chemical Weapons

Global Research, June 14, 2013


Is president Obama setting the stage for a “humanitarian intervention” by casually accusing the Syrian president of killing his own people?
“Following a deliberative review, our intelligence community assesses that the Assad regime has used chemical weapons, including the nerve agent sarin, on a small scale against the opposition multiple times in the last year,”
White House Deputy National Security Adviser Ben Rhodes said in a statement. “Our intelligence community has high confidence in that assessment given multiple, independent streams of information.”
“Obama has give notice to President Bashar Al Assad of ‘enormous consequences’ for having crossed the ‘red line’” by allegedly using chemical weapons.
Money and Weapons for Al Qaeda
A WMD saga modeled on Iraq based on fabricated evidence is unfolding. The Western media in chorus relentlessly accuse the Syrian government of premeditated mass-murder, calling upon the “international community” to come to the rescue of the Syrian people.
“Syria crosses ‘red line’ on chemical weapons. How will Obama respond?”
The Syrian “opposition” is calling upon the US and its allies to implement “a no fly zone”.
In turn, the White House has acknowledged that the red line “has been crossed”, while emphasizing that the US and its allies will “increase the scope and scale of assistance” to the rebels.
The chemical weapons pretext is being used to justify further military aid to the rebels, which in large part have been decimated by Syrian government forces.
These defeated opposition rebel forces –largely composed of the Al Qaeda affiliated Al Nusrah– are supported by Turkey, Israel, Qatar and Saudi Arabia.
US-NATO-Israel have lost the ground war. Their Al Nusrah Front fighters, which constitute the foot-soldiers of the Western military alliance, cannot, under any circumstances, be rapidly rebuilt through a renewed flow of US-NATO military aid.
The Obama administration is in an impasse: its foot soldiers have been defeated. A “no fly zone” would, at this stage, be a risky proposition given Syria’s air defense system, which includes the Russian S-300 SAM system.
Al Nusra Front “Freedom fighters”
US-NATO Are Training “Opposition” Rebels in the Use of Chemical Weapons
The chemical weapons accusations are fabricated. In a bitter irony, the evidence amply confirms that the chemical weapons are being used not by Syrian government forces but by the US supported Al Qaeda rebels.
In a twisted logic whereby realities are turned upside down, the Syrian government is being accused of the atrocities committed by the US sponsored Al Qaeda affiliated rebels.
The Western media is feeding disinformation into the news chain, casually refuting its own news reports. Confirmed by various sources including CNN, the Western military alliance has not only made chemical weapons available to the Al Nusrah Front, it has also sent in military contractors and special forces to train the rebels:
The training [in chemical weapons], which is taking place in Jordan and Turkey, involves how to monitor and secure stockpiles and handle weapons sites and materials, according to the sources. Some of the contractors are on the ground in Syria working with the rebels to monitor some of the sites, according to one of the officials.
The nationality of the trainers was not disclosed, though the officials cautioned against assuming all are American. (CNN, December 09, 2012, emphasis added
While the news report does not confirm the identity of the defense contractors, the official statements suggest a close contractual relationship to the Pentagon:
The US decision to hire unaccountable defense contractors to train Syrian rebels to handle stockpiles of chemical weapons seems dangerously irresponsible in the extreme, especially considering how inept Washington has so far been at making sure only trustworthy, secular rebels – to the extent they exist – receive their aid and the weapons that allies in the Gulf Arab states have been providing.
It also feeds accusations that the Syrian Foreign Ministry recently made that the US is working to frame the Syrian regime as having used or prepared for chemical warfare.
“What raises concerns about this news circulated by the media is our serious fear that some of the countries backing terrorism and terrorists might provide the armed terrorist groups with chemical weapons and claim that it was the Syrian government that used the weapons,” the letters said.”( John Glaser, Us Defense Contractors Training Syrian Rebels, Antiwar.com, December 10, 2012, emphasis addded)
Lets be under no illusion. This is not a rebel training exercise in non-proliferation of chemical weapons.
While president Obama accuses Bashar Al Assad, the US-NATO military alliance is channeling chemical weapons to Al Nusrah, a terrorist organization on the State Department blacklist.
In all likelihood, the training of Al Nusrah rebels in the use of chemical weapons was undertaken by private military contractors.
The United Nations Independent Mission confirms that Rebel Forces Are in Possession of Sarin Nerve Gas
 While Washington points its finger at president Bashar al Assad, a United Nations independent commission of inquiry confirmed in May 2013 that the rebels rather than the government have chemical weapons in their possession and are using sarin nerve against the civilian population:
U.N. human rights investigators have gathered testimony from casualties of Syria’s civil war and medical staff indicating that rebel forces have used the nerve agent sarin, one of the lead investigators said on Sunday.
The United Nations independent commission of inquiry on Syria has not yet seen evidence of government forces having used chemical weapons, which are banned under international law, said commission member Carla Del Ponte. [see image right]
“Our investigators have been in neighboring countries interviewing victims, doctors and field hospitals and, according to their report of last week which I have seen, there are strong, concrete suspicions but not yet incontrovertible proof of the use of sarin gas, from the way the victims were treated,” Del Ponte said in an interview with Swiss-Italian television.
“This was use on the part of the opposition, the rebels, not by the government authorities,” she added, speaking in Italian. (“U.N. has testimony that Syrian rebels used sarin gas: investigator,” Chicago Tribune, May, 5 2013, emphasis added)
Turkish Police Report: US Supported Al Nusrah Terrorists Possess Chemical Weapons
According to Turkey’s state media agency Zaman, the Turkish General Directorate of Security (Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü):
[Police have] ceased 2 kg of sarin gas in the city of Adana in the early hours of yesterday morning. The chemical weapons were in the possession of Al Nusra terrorists believed to have been heading for Syria.
Sarin gas is a colourless, odorless substance which is extremely difficult to detect. The gas is banned under the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention.
The EGM [Turkish Police] identified 12 members of the AL Nusra terrorist cell and also ceased fire arms and digital equipment. This is the second major official confirmation of the use of chemical weapons by Al-Qaeda terrorists in Syria after UN inspector Carla Del Ponte’s recent statement confirming the use of chemical weapons by the Western-backed terrorists in Syria.
The Turkish police are currently conducting further investigations into the operations of Al-Qaeda linked groups in Turkey. (For further details see Gearóid Ó Colmáin, Turkish Police find Chemical Weapons in the Possession of Al Nusra Terrorists heading for Syria, Global Research.ca, May 30, 2013)
Who has Crossed the “Red Line”? Barack Obama and John Kerry are Supporting a Terrorist Organization on the State Department List

What is unfolding is a diabolical scenario –which is an integral part of US military planning– namely a situation where opposition terrorists of the al Nusrah Front advised by Western defense contractors are actually in possession of chemical weapons.
The West claims that it is coming to the rescue of the Syrian people, whose lives are allegedly threatened by Bashar Al Assad.
Obama has not only “Crossed the Red Line”, he is supporting Al Qaeda. He is a Liar and a Terrorist.
The forbidden truth, which the Western media has failed to reveal, is that the US-NATO- Israel military alliance is not only supporting the Al Nusrah Front, it is also making chemical weapons available to its proxy “opposition” rebel forces.
The broader issue is: Who is a threat to the Syrian people? Syria’s President Bashar al Assad or America’s President Barack Obama, who has ordered the recruitment and training of terrorist forces which are on the US State Department blacklist.
In a bitter irony, according to the US State Department Bureau of Counter-terrorism, President Obama and Secretary of State John Kerry, not to mention Senator John McCain could be held responsible for “knowingly providing, or attempting or conspiring to provide, material support or resources to, or engaging in transactions with, al-Nusrah Front”:
The Department of State has amended the Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and Executive Order (E.O.) 13224 designations of al-Qa’ida in Iraq (AQI) to include the following new aliases: al-Nusrah Front, Jabhat al-Nusrah, Jabhet al-Nusra, The Victory Front, and Al-Nusrah Front for the People of the Levant. The consequences of adding al-Nusrah Front as a new alias for AQI include a prohibition against knowingly providing, or attempting or conspiring to provide, material support or resources to, or engaging in transactions with, al-Nusrah Front,and the freezing of all property and interests in property of the organization that are in the United States, or come within the United States or the control of U.S. persons. (emphasis added)
The State Department advisory acknowledges that from November 2011 to December 2012:
“Al-Nusrah Front has claimed nearly 600 attacks – ranging from more than 40 suicide attacks to small arms and improvised explosive device operations – in major city centers including Damascus, Aleppo, Hamah, Dara, Homs, Idlib, and Dayr al-Zawr. During these attacks numerous innocent Syrians have been killed. ….
The advisory also confirms that “the United States takes this action [of blacklisting the Al Nusrah Front] in the context of our overall support for the Syrian people. … ”
What it fails to mention is that the Obama administration continues to channel money and weapons to Al Nusrah in blatant defiance of US counter-terrorism legislation.
Washington’s “Go-Between”: General Salem Idriss

Chief commander of the Free Syrian Army Brigadier General Selim Idriss speaks during a press conference at the EU Parliament in Brussels on March 6, 2013. AFP PHOTO/JOHN THYSWashington’s “Go Between” is the Head of the FSA Supreme Military Council Brigadier General Salem Idriss [right], who is permanent liaison with the Al Nusrah military commanders.
Secretary of State John Kerry meets representatives of the Syrian opposition. US officials meet with General Idriss. The latter, acting on behalf of the Pentagon, channels money and weapons to the terrorists. This model of supporting Al Nusra is similar to that implemented in Afghanistan in the 1980s whereby the Pakistani military government of General Zia Ul Haq would funnel weapons to jihadist “Freedom Fighters” in the heyday of the Soviet-Afghan war.
US support to terrorists is always sent through a trusted intermediary. According to an Obama administration official: “While the United States may have leverage with General Idris, it has no ability to control some jihadists — like the Nusra Front, which is also fighting Syrian government forces.” (New York Times, May 23, 2013)
John McCain Enters Syria, Mingles with US Sponsored Terrorists
Meanwhile, Senator John McCain “entered Syria [early June] from the country’s border with Turkey and stayed there for several hours … McCain met with assembled leaders of Free Syrian Army units in both Turkey and Syria.” See image below John McCain together with General Salem Idriss)
The Contradictory Role of the United Nations Security Council
In late May 2013, the UN Security Council added Al Nusrah to the UNSC “Al-Qaida Sanctions List.” Yet at the same time, the Security Council decision casually dismissed the fact, amply documented, that three permanent members of the Council, namely Britain, France and the US continue to provide military aid to the Jabbat Al Nusrah Front, in defiance of international law and the UN Charter.

ANNEX 1
THE TERRORIST DESIGNATION OF AL NUSRAH BY THE US STATE DEPARTMENT
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Office of the Spokesperson December 11, 2012
STATEMENT BY VICTORIA NULAND, SPOKESPERSON
http://translations.state.gov/st/english/texttrans/2012/12/20121211139845.html#ixzz2WDKARO9n
Terrorist Designations of the al-Nusrah Front as an Alias for al-Qa’ida in Iraq
The Department of State has amended the Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and Executive Order (E.O.) 13224 designations of al-Qa’ida in Iraq (AQI) to include the following new aliases: al-Nusrah Front, Jabhat al-Nusrah, Jabhet al-Nusra, The Victory Front, and Al-Nusrah Front for the People of the Levant. The Department of State previously designated AQI as an FTO under the Immigration and Nationality Act and as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist under E.O. 13224 on October 15, 2004. The consequences of adding al-Nusrah Front as a new alias for AQI include a prohibition against knowingly providing, or attempting or conspiring to provide, material support or resources to, or engaging in transactions with, al-Nusrah Front, and the freezing of all property and interests in property of the organization that are in the United States, or come within the United States or the control of U.S. persons.
Since November 2011, al-Nusrah Front has claimed nearly 600 attacks – ranging from more than 40 suicide attacks to small arms and improvised explosive device operations – in major city centers including Damascus, Aleppo, Hamah, Dara, Homs, Idlib, and Dayr al-Zawr. During these attacks numerous innocent Syrians have been killed. Through these attacks, al-Nusrah has sought to portray itself as part of the legitimate Syrian opposition while it is, in fact, an attempt by AQI to hijack the struggles of the Syrian people for its own malign purposes. AQI emir Abu Du’a is in control of both AQI and al-Nusrah. Abu Du’a was designated by the State Department under E.O. 13224 on October 3, 2011, and by the United Nations under UN Security Council Resolution 1267 on October 5, 2011. Abu Du’a also issues strategic guidance to al-Nusrah’s emir, Abu Muhammad al-Jawlani, and tasked him to begin operations in Syria.
The United States takes this action in the context of our overall support for the Syrian people. We have provided approximately $50 million in non-lethal assistance to the unarmed civilian opposition and nearly $200 million in humanitarian assistance to those affected by the violence in Syria. The violent, sectarian vision of al-Nusrah is at odds with the aspirations of the Syrian people, including the overwhelming majority of the Syrian opposition, who seek a free, democratic, and inclusive Syria and have made clear their desire for a government that respects and advances national unity, dignity, human rights, and equal protection under the law – regardless of faith, ethnicity, or gender. Extremism and terrorist ideology have no place in a post-Asad Syria, and all responsible Syrians should speak out against al-Qa’ida and other extremist elements. By opting for the use of force against its own people, the Asad regime has created the circumstances that attract the violent extremists of al Qa’ida, who seek to exploit civil strife for their own purposes. The sooner the political transition to a post-Asad Syria begins, the better it will be for the Syrian people and the region.


ANNEX 2
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL
Department of Public Information • News and Media Division • New York
Security Council Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee Amends Entry of One Entity on Its Sanctions List
On 30 May 2013, the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities approved the amendments specified with underline in the entry below on its Al-Qaida Sanctions List of individuals and entities subject to the assets freeze, travel ban and arms embargo set out in paragraph 1 of Security Council resolution 2083 (2012) adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations.
B. Entities and other groups and undertakings associated with Al-Qaida
QE.J.115.04. Name: AL-QAIDA IN IRAQ
Name (original script): القاعده في العراق
A.k.a.: a) AQI b) al-Tawhid c) the Monotheism and Jihad Group d) Qaida of the Jihad in the Land of the Two Rivers e)Al-Qaida of Jihad in the Land of the Two Rivers f) The Organization of Jihad’s Base in the Country of the Two Rivers g)The Organization Base of Jihad/Country of the Two Rivers h) The Organization Base of Jihad/Mesopotamia i) TanzimQa’idat Al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn j) Tanzeem Qa’idat al Jihad/Bilad al Raafidaini k) Jama’at Al-Tawhid Wa’al-Jihad l)JTJ m) Islamic State of Iraq n) ISI o) al-Zarqawi network p)Jabhat al Nusrah q) Jabhet al-Nusra r) Al-Nusrah Front s)The Victory Front t) Al-Nusrah Front for the People of the Levant ( ﺍﻠﺷﺍﻢ ﻷﻫﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺻﺮﺓ ﺠﺑﻬﺔ ) u) Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant F.k.a.: na Address: na Listed on: 18 Oct. 2004 (amended on 2 Dec. 2004, 5 Mar. 2009, 13 Dec. 2011, 30 May 2013) Other information: Review pursuant to Security Council resolution 1822 (2008) was concluded on 25 May 2010.
The Committee’s Al-Qaida Sanctions List is updated regularly on the basis of relevant information provided by Member States and international and regional organizations. This is the thirteenth update of the List in 2013. An updated List is accessible on the Committee’s website at the following URL: http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/aq_sanctions_list.shtml.


ANNEX 3 TRANSCRIPT OF STATE DEPARTMENT PRESS BRIEFING CONCERNING AL NUSRAH
Senior Administration Officials on Terrorist Designations of the al-Nusrah Front as an Alias for al-Qaida in Iraq
Special Briefing Senior Administration Officials
Via Teleconference
Washington, DC
December 11, 2012 -
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/12/201797.htm
MODERATOR: Good morning everyone, and thank you for joining this call this morning. Today, we’re going to have a background call with three senior Administration officials. We have – Senior Administration Official One will be [Senior Administration Official One]. Senior Administration Official Number Two is [Senior Administration Official Two]. And then [Senior Administration Official Three] is our Senior Administration Official Three.
So they’re going to talk about some of the designations and then take a few questions. So we’ll start with our Senior Administration Official Number One, over to you.
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL ONE: Okay. The State Department has formally amended al-Qaida in Iraq as a Foreign Terrorist Organization and Executive Order 13224 designations to include the alias al-Nusrah Front. Al-Qaida in Iraq, or AQI, was first designated by the State Department in October of 2004. By way of background, in 2011, the AQI emir, Abu Du’a, tasked Abu Muhammad al-Jawlani to establish al-Nusrah Front in Syria. Abu Du’a provides strategic guidance to al-Jawlani, al-Nusrah’s leader.
Since November 2011, al-Nusrah Front has claimed hundreds of attacks, nearly 600, in major city centers across Syria in which numerous innocent Syrians have been injured and killed. AQI has dispatched money, people, and materiel from Iraq to Syria over the past year to attack Syrian forces both on its own initiative and at the request of AQI’s facilitation network members in Syria.
Al-Nusrah Front has sought to portray itself as part of a legitimate Syrian opposition, but today’s actions are intended to expose them and make clear that the United States believes that al-Nusrah’s extremist ideology has no role in a post-Assad Syria. Among the consequences of today’s actions is a prohibition against knowingly providing or attempting or conspiring to provide material support or resources to or engaging in transactions with al-Nusrah Front.
It’s important to note that the designation of al-Nusrah Front does not mean we have changed our view regarding Assad as the leader of a state that has been a designated state sponsor of terrorism since 1979. Today, we’ve also sanctioned pro-Assad regime elements, and my colleague from the Treasury Department will speak more specifically to these sanctions and to the designation of two key members of al-Nusrah Front. Over.
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL TWO: Good morning. This is [Senior Administration Official Two] from the Treasury Department. Thank you. Today, we have taken a number of actions alongside and in coordination with our colleagues at the State Department in order to continue and intensify our pressure against the Assad regime, its affiliated militias, and to take action against terrorist leaders who are active in Syria.
Since the beginning of the uprising in Syria, we have been working to powerfully and swiftly intensify sanctions against the Assad regime, to isolate the Syrian Government, hasten Assad’s fall, and to encourage those within the Syrian Government to abandon the regime’s campaign of violence. We have also used targeted sanctions to expose and combat the interventions of Iran as well as terrorist groups like Hezbollah which have been actively supporting Assad’s regime.
The actions we took today fall into basically two buckets: actions against two militias that have been perpetrating violence in coordination with and in affiliation with the Assad government, and then actions in concert with the al-Nusrah action that the State Department has announced to target two main leaders of the Nusrah Front. I’ll take those in turn.
Since the beginning of the unrest in Syria, the Shabiha have operated as a direct action arm of the Government of Syria and its security services, with Shabiha units providing support to units from designated security services, such as the Syrian Air Force intelligence and Syrian military intelligence, that have been among the most active in the violence. Ayman Jaber is currently a Shabiha leader responsible for directing Shabiha operations in Latakia, Syria on behalf of the Syrian regime and is working with the Ministry of Defense and other senior regime officials, including Maher al-Assad, to procure weapons for the Shabiha units under his command.
His brother, who we are also designating today, Mohammad Jaber, arranged for the transportation of pro-Syrian regime thugs from the Shabiha to Turkey in order to attack anti-Syrian regime persons there.
The other pro-regime militia that we are sanctioning today is Jaysh al-Sha’bi, which operates throughout Syria and has been particularly active in Damascus and Aleppo where the militia has supplemented Syrian Government forces operations against the opposition. Jaysh al-Sha’bi was created and continues to be funded and maintained with support from Iran and Hezbollah, and it is modeled after the Iranian Basij militia, which has proven so deadly and effective at using violence and intimidation to suppress political dissent in Iraq.
In addition to our actions against the regime proxies, Treasury is targeting Nusrah Front leaders Maysar Ali Musa Abdallah al-Juburi and Anas Hasan Khattab. Al-Juburi is the religious and military commander for the Nusrah Front in eastern Syria. He moved from Mosul, Iraq to Syria in late 2011 with the objectives of transferring al-Qaida’s ideology and techniques to Syria and forming likeminded terrorist groups.
Khattab was involved with the formation of the Nusrah Front for AQI and has communicated with AQI leadership to coordinate the movement of funds and weapons for the Nusrah Front. Khattab also works closely with al-Qaida-linked facilitators to provide logistical support to the Nusrah Front. All of these actions are a part of our ongoing efforts to target actors within Syria working to frustrate the desires of the Syrian people to end the violence and to realize a representative government. We will continue to target the thugs that have worked with the Assad militias, just as we will the terrorists who try to cloak themselves in the flag of the legitimate opposition.
And with that, I’ll turn it over to [Senior Administration Official Three].
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL THREE: Thank you very much. The steps that we are announcing today in Washington really are the result of growing American concern about the escalation of violence in Syria.
First of all, let’s be clear: The Syrian regime started this violence by brutalizing what was a peaceful protest movement. We all know that. We all understand that. And the Syrian regime has used aircraft, it has used artillery, and it appears that it has even used missile to attack the Syrian population and to attack what was a peaceful protest movement. And we have considered the Syrian regime to be a State Sponsor of Terrorism since 1979. We’ve taken additional steps against the regime in terms of sanctions and in terms of isolating the Syrian regime and putting pressure on it internationally and economically.
Today’s actions against the Shabiha, against the Jaysh al-Sha’bi – the People’s Army as they call it – against people like Ayman Jaber and Mohammad Jaber are both a recognition of the violence that the regime is inflicting on the Syrian people, and then it also repeats and emphasizes our message that the Syrian regime needs to stop that, and Assad needs to step aside and a political transition needs to begin.
But when we think about that political transition, extremist groups that are denouncing the government and attacking the government, they themselves, as extremists, have no role in that transition and in a future Syria. The protest movement that started out peacefully that I mentioned – it started out peacefully in February and March of 2011 – has always called for a tolerant Syrian society which is free, which respects the human rights of all Syrians equally. That was in the national vision statement that the Syrian opposition published in Cairo on July 3rd, 2012 – that is to say about five months ago, five and half months ago – and in other statements which Syrian opposition figures have announced. But Nusrah, as [Senior Administration Official One] was just talking about, and as [Senior Administration Official Two] was saying, the Nusrah Front is directly linked to al-Qaida in Iraq, and we know what its ideology is.
And we know that the Nusrah Front has denounced the Syrian Opposition Coalition’s founding, that it rejects the vision statement that was issued in Cairo, that I mentioned, of a tolerant society, and insists that instead of elections there must be an Islamic state imposed upon Syria. And the Nusrah Front, extremists like it, have no place in the future of the Syrian society, in a tolerant society. And so we have made clear that Nusrah also is an extremist organization and it has to be isolated and that more moderate forces, more forces that believe in tolerance as a model for Syrian society, they need to carry the work of the political transition forward.
I think I’ll stop there.
MODERATOR: Thank you. At this time, Operator, we’ll be ready to take questions for our three senior Administration officials.
OPERATOR: Ladies and gentlemen, if you wish to ask a question, please press * followed by 1 on your touchtone phone. Once again, for any questions, please press *1 at this time. One moment, please.
And we’ll go to the line of Ilhan Tanir with Turkish Daily. Please go ahead.
QUESTION: Thanks so much. Quick couple questions. One of them is: How is the reaction so far from the Syrian – other Syrian opposition groups? As far as we can see, there is a lot of complaining about this decision on Twitter and social networks that – argument is while the U.S. Government has been talking, Nusrah Front is coming here to fight, and basically they are fighting with the Assad regime, and die.
Can you give us what kind of reaction and see if the Nusrah Front is fighting with the Assad regime? I just don’t understand what kind of message is that you mentioned. The message is to Assad regime to leave, but you are labeling his organization as a terrorist organization while they are fighting with the Assad regime. Thank you.
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL THREE: I guess I’ll take my first stab at that. I don’t know if my colleagues want to join in later. I will let the Syrian opposition representatives speak for themselves. I don’t need to speak on their behalf. It’s not proper. What I would say is that the United States and other Friends of the Syrian People have long acknowledged the Syrian people’s right to self-defense and to defend themselves against the brutality of the Syrian regime. There is no question about that, and we have been saying that for many, many months.
However, acknowledging the right of self-defense is not itself a justification for extremism. And I want to underline here that many people in Syria are afraid of extremism. Many people in Syria are not fighting for an extremist cause. Rather, they are fighting to have their dignity respected, they are fighting to have their human rights respected, and they do not want – and the United States and the Friends of Syria do not want one terrorist regime to be replaced by a new extremist model. Rather, it is important that Syrians who believe in tolerance, Syrians who believe in the respect for the human rights of all Syrian citizens be the ones who move the political transition forward.
And so there is no contradiction. Instead, what is important is to understand that extremists fighting the Assad regime are still extremists, and they have no place in the political transition that will come. Bashar al-Assad will depart. If he departs today, it’s better than if he departs tomorrow. There is too much bloodshed. But extremists should not dictate that political transition.
OPERATOR: You do have a question from the line of Michael Gordon with The New York Times. Please go ahead.
QUESTION: Yes, this is primarily for [Senior Administration Official Three], but the others can chime in. Could you please explain what practical, tangible effect this edict on the Nusrah Front might have? It stated that it would prohibit American or American entities from providing support. Are there any such Americans who are providing support? And if not, how will this affect those who have been providing support who are probably sympathetic with this group?
And lastly, tomorrow there’ll be a meeting in Morocco of various opposition groups and Friends of Syria. Do any members of this political opposition gathering in Morocco have influence or control over armed opposition elements in Syria today?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL THREE: Michael, I’m going to let my colleagues answer the question about the practical and tangible effects because they’re more involved in the immediate implementation of the measures. But on the – with respect to your last question about members of the Syrian opposition who will come to Morocco for the Friends of the Syrian People meeting, what I would say on that is that there are not members of armed groups represented at this meeting that I am aware of.
However, there are people here who definitely coordinate with armed groups, with the Free Syrian Army, and who have regular contact with elements of the Free Syrian Army. That is not to say they are giving instructions to it; they do not. It is not to say that they are telling it what to do or what to say in the international field; they are not. In a sense, the Free Syrian Army is a separate organization from, for example, the Syrian National Council or the Syrian Opposition Coalition. They are separate organizations. But there certainly are communications between the two, and there are members of the Syrian political opposition here in Morocco who contact and talk to people from the Free Syrian Army.
I’m – I’ll turn it over to my colleagues to talk about the practical and tangible effects and your other question.
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL ONE: Okay, so I think I need to go next. This is [Senior Administration Official One]. Michael, as we said at the top, the technical impact of the – adding al-Nusrah Front as a new alias for AQI, includes this prohibition on knowingly provided material support and the freezing of all property and interest in property in the United States or that come within the United States under the control of U.S. persons. So there are some practical sanctioning effects of the designation, and it can be a powerful tool over the long run, for law enforcement purposes.
But I think one of the primary effects of this designation is to really expose the presence of al-Nusrah Front, an organization that has been established by the leadership of AQI in Syria, and its activities there.
SENIOAR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL TWO: If I could just add – this is [Senior Administration Official Two] – exposing the operations and the identities of al-Nusrah’s leaders is a key objective here. So I just wanted to underscore that. Having these individuals on a blacklist has a practical impact beyond just the direct implications of U.S. law. It means for individuals who have demonstrated that they desire to travel back and forth across borders, actions like these in the past have frustrated that ability, have exposed them to being interdicted and detained.
It also means that as al-Nusrah tries to wrap itself in the legitimacy of the opposition that does reflect the Syrian’s people desires, we have called them out, and for those who are seeking to support the legitimate opposition of the Syrian people, we have drawn a bright line. So I think there are very real sort of second-order effects to today’s actions as well.
OPERATOR: You do have a question from the line of Margaret Brennan with CBS News. Please go ahead.
QUESTION: Hi. This is a question for [Senior Administration Official Three]. Al-Nusrah Front is viewed as an effective, very lethal fighting force inside of Syria. When it comes to what’s actually happening on the ground right now, what does today’s action do in terms of in any way lessening what they control or what they influence inside of Syria?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL THREE: Al-Nusrah Front is one of many groups that are fighting the Syrian regime now. It is not the only one. And in fact, it is a minority. Its influence has grown over recent months, but it still represents a minority element within the broader armed opposition to the Assad regime. So I don’t want to leave any kind of impressions that we are in any way acting against the broader Free Syrian Army, which is a much bigger organization.
And I’d be very clear we talk – I myself talk to the Free Syrian Army, and we have talked to them about things like the code of conduct and how to treat prisoners, et cetera. We have gotten assurances, and we have seen in many instances good behavior and even sanctioning against those elements of the Free Syrian Army that have acted improperly or against that code of conduct. Nusrah, by contrast, has actually been involved in summary executions of prisoners, for example. Whether the American steps today will immediately curtail Nusrah’s capabilities, I don’t think they will, but I think other nations that are involved in helping the armed opposition will now take more seriously our concerns about the Nusrah Front and its expanding influence, and it is important for countries to understand what al-Nusrah is and what it represents.
And it is important for the Syrians in the political opposition and in the armed opposition to understand what Nusrah is and what it represents. The time of a political transition is approaching. It’s approaching quickly as events on the ground move. And it is important to understand that Nusrah is an extremist group that cannot possibly be a part of the political transition to a tolerant and free Syria.
OPERATOR: Next we will go to the line of Mina al-Oraibi. Please go ahead.
QUESTION: Hi. This is a question also for [Senior Administration Official Three]. If I can ask, do you expect a position to be taken against Jebhat al-Nusrah Front in Marrakesh tomorrow from other countries? And I also wanted to know, you said you have been in touch with the FSA, so have you informed them in advance of this designation? And have they voiced concerns to you about Jebhat al-Nusrah Front and what they’re doing on the ground and whether that actually makes certain civilians in Syria wary of the opposition?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL THREE: The meeting in Marrakesh hasn’t started yet. The ministers have not arrived. And so I don’t want to prejudge what the outcome will be. But what I would say is that the previous Friends of the Syrian People meetings in Tunis, in Istanbul, and in Paris, in each of those occasions, the partner states of the Friends of the Syrian People have emphasized their support for a tolerant Syrian society. They have emphasized their hope that the next Syrian government, after the Bashar al-Assad regime ends, will be one that respects human rights and that treats all Syrian citizens equally, without discrimination, and without prejudice because of their ethnic or religious views. And I do not think that this Friends of Syria conference will deviate from that strong support, that vision of the next Syrian government, after the political transition begins.
With respect to the Free Syrian Army, they know our concern about the Nusrah Front. I have talked to them myself about it and we have talked to others in the Syrian opposition over the past month. And they know what our position is and I’ll leave it at that.
OPERATOR: And you do have a question from the line of Joyce Karam with Al Hayat. Please go ahead.
QUESTION: Yes, hi. My question is also to [Senior Administration Official Three]. Would this make it more likely that the U.S. would arm non-extremist elements in the Syria opposition? And if the regime targets al-Nusrah Front now, would the U.S. be okay with that?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL THREE: I’m sorry. I didn’t understand the second question. Can you say it again?
QUESTION: Yeah. If the Assad regime goes ahead and targets al-Nusrah Front, would you be okay with that?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL THREE: I see. Okay. With respect to your first question, we have always said with respect to our policy on providing arms that, number one, we do not provide arms to the Syrian opposition now. We have also said that the President has never ruled out in the future providing arms, but we do not do it now. But number three, for us, providing arms has to be done in a way that helps promote a political solution. And until we understand how these arms promote a political solution, we do not see how provision of arms is a good idea.
With respect to the Assad regime targeting al-Nusrah, I would simply say that we have condemned the Assad regime as a state sponsor of terrorism. We have condemned the Assad regime’s incredibly brutal and excessive, egregious acts of violence against the Syrian population. The news from yesterday is just shocking. I’m not going to comment on when it targets al-Nusrah, except to say that we condemn extremism on both sides. We condemn extremism that is the Syrian regime, and we condemn extremism in the Syrian armed opposition. Neither one of them presents a good – neither one of them presents a realistic way forward for a Syrian political transition that wants to give the Syrian people a system that will be free and respect the human rights of all Syrians.
MODERATOR: Operator, we’ve only got time for one more question.
OPERATOR: Okay. And that question will come from Hannah Allam with McClatchy Newspaper. Please go ahead.
QUESTION: Yes. Thanks for the call. I was wondering, how do you disentangle the sort of Free Syrian Army rebel units from Jebhat al-Nusrah fighters when there appears to be such close coordination on the battlefield that’s opened the door to a scenario where somebody like the Syrian Support Group could come under scrutiny for providing materiel support to Jebhat al-Nusrah via these other more accepted rebel groups? And also has the U.S. talked to the Qataris and the Saudis about cutting off Nusrah – not just state funding but the individuals that are believed to be funding them from those countries? Thank you.
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL THREE: I’m going to answer the second question first about our diplomatic work. And then with respect to the first question, I’ll make a comment or two on that, and then – and/or [Senior Administration Official Two] may wish to add something in terms of distinguishing.
With respect to our diplomatic contacts, we absolutely have made our views known about Nusrah to our international partners that are working with us to find a solution, a peaceful and political solution to the Syrian crisis. We absolutely have informed them, and they too know about our views.
I think it is also important here to note one positive sign of how the Free Syrian Army itself has understood the threat that Nusrah represents to the political transition in Syria, which is that during the meetings in Antalya in Turkey last week where they were working to set up a unified command for the Free Syrian Army, notably excluded from that meeting was the Nusrah Front, and we think that was a wise decision. With respect to distinguishing, as I mentioned in Antalya, the groups themselves know who Nusrah is, and I think they are better understanding the threat that it represents.
And so we will certainly continue our discussions with them, which in many cases will be an effort to convince more and more elements of the Free Syrian Army to stay away from al-Nusrah. But as I mentioned, the meeting in Antalya was a step forward. I don’t know if [Senior Administration Official One] or [Senior Administration Official Two] want to comment on that business about distinguishing between elements of the Free Syrian Army and other elements of – or I mean, Nusrah.
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL ONE: I think the only thing I would add to that is that we’ve taken an important step today to help these groups make the – underscore the importance of the distinction, and the most important thing that we can do in our own assistance is to continue to, as we always do, to strive to ensure that our assistance doesn’t fall into the wrong hands.
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL TWO: Nothing to add from here.
MODERATOR: Thank you all for joining the call today, and thank you to our officials, and have a good day.
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL THREE: Thank you.
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL ONE: Thank you.